Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis最新文献

{"title":"Bisphenol A: Potential Factor of Miscarriage in Women in the Context of the Phenomenon of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","authors":"Wioleta Justyna Omeljaniuk,&nbsp;Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz,&nbsp;Marzena Garley,&nbsp;Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona,&nbsp;Jan Czerniecki,&nbsp;Ewa Jabłońska,&nbsp;Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko,&nbsp;Wojciech Miltyk","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00661-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00661-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humans are exposed to a number of environmental pollutants every day. Among them, endocrine disruptors are particularly harmful to human health. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenoestrogen that has been shown to disrupt the endocrine system and cause reproductive toxicity. In this study, we aimed to verify the potential relationship between BPA and miscarriage involving the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Blood samples were collected from healthy women and women who had miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy. The serum levels of cytoplasmic anti-PR3 antibody and perinuclear anti-MPO antibody were determined using an immunoenzymatic method. The concentrations of key proinflammatory proteins TNF-α and MCP-1, as well as NADPH oxidase subunits NOX1 and NCF2, were also measured in the serum samples. The serum concentration of BPA was determined using gas chromatography. The results showed that the concentrations of BPA were significantly elevated in the serum of women who had miscarriage compared to the control group, with the highest concentration found in the “NETs-positive” group. The levels of MCP-1 and TNF-α were significantly higher in the “NETs-positive” group compared to the “NETs-negative” and control group. The levels of NOX1 and NCF2 were also higher in the “NETs-positive” group compared to the “NETs-negative” group. The study showed that BPA could play a role in the course of miscarriage through the formation of NETs. The results indicate the need to limit the exposure of women planning pregnancy to xenoestrogens, including BPA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00005-022-00661-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40387273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antibodies Are Higher in Lupus Nephritis and Vasculitis than Other Glomerulonephritis Patients","authors":"Maciej Szymczak,&nbsp;Harald Heidecke,&nbsp;Marcelina Żabińska,&nbsp;Dagna Rukasz,&nbsp;Krzysztof Wiśnicki,&nbsp;Andrzej Tukiendorf,&nbsp;Magdalena Krajewska,&nbsp;Mirosław Banasik","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00660-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00660-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antibodies are considered non-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) antibodies connected with humoral rejection after kidney transplantation. The role of AT1R antibodies in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases and systemic vasculitis is unknown. We assessed the level of AT1R antibodies in 136 patients with different types of glomerulonephritis and systemic vasculitis and we observed kidney function and proteinuria, serum albumin and total protein levels for 2 years. The mean levels of AT1R antibodies were the following: 6.00 ± 1.31 U/ml in patients with membranous nephropathy (<i>n</i> = 18), 5.67 ± 1.31 U/ml with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (<i>n</i> = 25), 6.26 ± 2.25 U/ml with lupus nephropathy (<i>n</i> = 17), 10.60 ± 6.72 U/ml with IgA nephropathy (<i>n</i> = 14), 6.69 ± 2.52 U/ml with mesangial proliferative (non IgA) glomerulonephritis (<i>n</i> = 6), 6.63 ± 1.38 U/ml with systemic vasculitis (<i>n</i> = 56), including c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) vasculitis: 11.22 ± 10.78 U/ml (<i>n</i> = 40) and p-ANCA vasculitis: 12.65 ± 14.59 U/ml (<i>n</i> = 16). The mean AT1R antibodies level was higher in patients with lupus nephropathy and systemic vasculitis compared to glomerulonephritis groups. An inverse statistically significant correlation between AT1R antibodies and serum albumin (<i>r</i> =  − 0.51) in membranous nephropathy group was also found. Prospective analysis of creatinine levels indicated an increase of creatinine levels during time among patients with higher AT1R antibodies levels in p-ANCA vasculitis. Lupus nephropathy and systemic vasculitis patients may have high levels of AT1R antibodies. AT1R antibodies may be associated with the severity of membranous nephropathy and the course of p-ANCA vasculitis, although influence of concomitant factors is difficult to exclude.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00005-022-00660-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33480785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: CD5L Secreted by Macrophage on Atherosclerosis Progression Based on Lipid Metabolism Induced Inflammatory Damage","authors":"Liang Wang,&nbsp;Lijuan Liu,&nbsp;Wei Qian,&nbsp;Zeqi Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00658-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00658-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33492062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of Soluble Forms of BAFF System (BAFF, APRIL, sR-BAFF, sTACI and sBCMA) in Kidney Transplantation","authors":"Rafael Alfaro,&nbsp;Santiago Llorente,&nbsp;Pedro Martinez,&nbsp;Víctor Jimenez-Coll,&nbsp;Helios Martínez-Banaclocha,&nbsp;José Antonio Galián,&nbsp;Carmen Botella,&nbsp;María Rosa Moya-Quiles,&nbsp;Jesús de la Peña-Moral,&nbsp;Alfredo Minguela,&nbsp;Isabel Legaz,&nbsp;Manuel Muro","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00659-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00659-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>BAFF system plays an essential role in B cells homeostasis and tolerance, although it has widely not been tested in transplantation with doubtful results. The main purpose was to study the BAFF soluble forms and their correlation with acute rejection (AR) and donor-specific antibodies production. Serum levels of BAFF, APRIL, and soluble forms of their receptors were analyzed in renal recipients with and without acute rejection (AR/NAR) appearance. All molecules were evaluated at pre- and post-transplantation. sTACI showed a significant correlation with BAFF and sR-BAFF levels, and sBCMA also showed a positive correlation with sAPRIL levels. A significant increase in sAPRIL levels in patients suffering AR was also found, and ROC curves analysis showed an AUC = 0.724, a concentration of 6.05 ng/ml (sensitivity: 66.7%; specificity: 73.3%), the best cutoff point for predicting AR. In the post-transplant dynamics of sAPRIL levels in the longitudinal cohort, we observed a significant decrease at 3 and 6 month post-transplantation compared to pretransplantation status. We also observed that recipients with high pre-transplant levels of sAPRIL generated antibodies earlier than those with lower sAPRIL levels, although their long-term post-transplantation was not different. Our results show that elevated serum levels of APRIL may be helpful as a biomarker for the diagnosis of AR, although the longitudinal study shows that it is not helpful as a prognostic biomarker.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33469919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Biodistribution and Safety of Human Dystrophin Expressing Chimeric Cell Therapy After Systemic-Intraosseous Administration to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Model","authors":"Maria Siemionow,&nbsp;Sonia Brodowska,&nbsp;Paulina Langa,&nbsp;Kristina Zalants,&nbsp;Katarzyna Kozlowska,&nbsp;Wictoria Grau-Kazmierczak,&nbsp;Ahlke Heydemann","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00656-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00656-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal disease caused by X-linked mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin deficiency results in progressive degeneration of cardiac, respiratory and skeletal muscles leading to premature death due to cardiopulmonary complications. Currently, no cure exists for DMD. Based on our previous reports confirming a protective effect of human dystrophin expressing chimeric (DEC) cell therapy on cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscle function after intraosseous administration, now we assessed long-term safety and biodistribution of human DEC therapy for potential clinical applications in DMD patients. Safety of different DEC doses (1 × 10⁶ and 5 × 10⁶) was assessed at 180 days after systemic-intraosseous administration to <i>mdx/scid</i> mice, a model of DMD. Assessments included: single cell gel electrophoresis assay (COMET assay) to confirm lack of genetic toxicology, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for tumorigenicity, and body, muscle and organ weights. Human DEC biodistribution to the target (heart, diaphragm, gastrocnemius muscle) and non-target (blood, bone marrow, lung, liver, spleen) organs was detected by flow cytometry assessment of HLA-ABC markers. Human origin of dystrophin was verified by co-localization of dystrophin and human spectrin by immunofluorescence. No complications were observed after intraosseous transplant of human DEC. COMET assay of donors and fused DEC cells confirmed lack of DNA damage. Biodistribution analysis of HLA-ABC expression revealed dose-dependent presence of human DEC cells in target organs, whereas negligible presence was detected in non-target organs. Human origin of dystrophin in the heart, diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscle was confirmed by co-localization of dystrophin expression with human spectrin. MRI revealed no evidence of tumor formation. Body mass and muscle and organ weights were stable and comparable to vehicle controls, further confirming DEC safety at 180 days post- transplant. This preclinical study confirmed long-term local and systemic safety of human DEC therapy at 180 days after intraosseous administration. Thus, DEC can be considered as a novel myoblast based advanced therapy medicinal product for DMD patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00005-022-00656-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40421892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer","authors":"Natalia Siminiak,&nbsp;Rafał Czepczyński,&nbsp;Mikołaj Piotr Zaborowski,&nbsp;Dariusz Iżycki","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00655-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00655-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy, ovarian cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies. Hence, the implementation of novel treatment approaches is required to improve the outcomes of the disease. Immunotherapy has been proven to be effective in many tumors and has already been incorporated into clinical practice. In this review, we describe key strategies in immunotherapy of ovarian cancer and summarize data from clinical studies assessing immunological prospects which could improve ovarian cancer treatment approaches in the future. The most notable current strategies include checkpoint blockade agents, the use of vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, as well as various combinations of these methods. While several of these options are promising, large controlled randomized studies are still needed to implement new immunotherapeutic options into clinical practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00005-022-00655-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40596164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Levels of Soluble CD147 are Associated with Hyperinflammation and Disease Severity in COVID-19: A Proof-of-Concept Clinical Study","authors":"Rashidi Springall,&nbsp;Julieta González-Flores,&nbsp;Carlos García-Ávila,&nbsp;Yaneli Juárez-Vicuña,&nbsp;Adrián Hernández-Diazcouder,&nbsp;Ricardo Márquez-Velasco,&nbsp;Sergio Cásares-Alvarado,&nbsp;Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz,&nbsp;Edna Basilio-Gálvez,&nbsp;Mauricio Castillo-Salazar,&nbsp;Martha A. Ballinas-Verdugo,&nbsp;Malinalli Brianza-Padilla,&nbsp;José L. Sánchez-Gloria,&nbsp;Claudia Tavera-Alonso,&nbsp;Julio Sandoval,&nbsp;Héctor González-Pacheco,&nbsp;Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00657-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00657-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To evaluate soluble CD147 levels in COVID-19 and identify whether these are associated with hyperinflammation and disease severity. One-hundred and nine COVID-19 patients and 72 healthy blood donors were studied. Levels of CD147, matrix metalloproteases (MMP) and inflammatory markers were measured on hospital arrival, while the need for mechanical ventilation and the occurrence of death during hospitalization were recorded. CD147 levels were higher in COVID-19 (1.6, 1.0–2.3 vs 1.3, 1.0–1.6 ng/ml; <i>P</i> = 0.003) than controls. MMP-2 (9.2, 4.5–12.9 vs 4.2, 3.7–4.6 ng/ml; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), MMP-3 (1.1, 0.9–1.3 vs 0.9, 0.7–1.0 ng/ml; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and MMP-9 (0.9, 0.5–1.2 vs 0.4, 0.2–0.6 ng/ml; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) were also higher in COVID-19, while MMP-1 (0.6, 0–1.4 vs 0.6, 0.3–0.7 ng/ml; <i>P</i> = 0.711) was not different. Significant correlations were found between CD147 and MMP-2 (<i>ρ</i> = 0.34), MMP-3 (<i>ρ</i> = 0.21), interleukin 6 (<i>ρ</i> = 0.21), and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (<i>ρ</i> = 0.26). Furthermore, CD147 levels were higher in patients who required mechanical ventilation (1.8, 1.4–2.4 <i>vs</i> 1.2, 0.8–1.9 ng/ml; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and in those who ultimately died (1.9, 1.4–2.7 vs 1.4, 0.9–1.9 ng/ml; <i>P</i> = 0.009). CD147 is elevated in COVID-19 and appears to contribute to hyperinflammation and disease severity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00005-022-00657-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40579968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Inhaled Air Particulate Matter SRM 1648a on the Development of Mild Collagen-Induced Arthritis in DBA/J Mice","authors":"Bernadeta Nowak,&nbsp;Grzegorz Majka,&nbsp;Małgorzata Śróttek,&nbsp;Anna Skałkowska,&nbsp;Janusz Marcinkiewicz","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00654-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00654-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution is considered to be one of a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is commonly used as a mouse model of human RA. However, the impact of specific particulate matter (PM) components on the incidence and severity of RA has still not been established. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental model of CIA suitable to test arthritogenicity of inhaled PM. A mild form of CIA was induced in DBA1/J mice inhaled with various components of SRM 1648a PM. The incidence and severity of arthritis was assessed, and the selected serum markers of autoimmunity and inflammation were determined. Clinical arthritis was observed from the booster CII immunisation onward. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, a diagnostic marker of RA, were detected in serum of these mice. All inhaled pollutants, crude PM, PM with reduced organic content, ferric, and silica nanoparticles markedly increased CIA incidence and severity. The fastest progression of CIA development was caused by crude PM and was linked to enhanced serum levels of anti-CII IgG, the prominent arthritogenic autoantibodies. On the other hand, inhaled nanoparticles enhanced serum levels of TNFα, a major proinflammatory arthritogenic cytokine. We recommend this experimental model of mild CIA to test the mechanisms of arthritis exacerbation by inhaled air pollutants. Further studies are necessary to determine whether PM-aggravated arthritis is caused by inflammatory mediators translocated from inflamed lung into systemic circulation or whether PM translocated into the bloodstream directly exacerbate joint inflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00005-022-00654-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40639040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in Innate Immune Response of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients","authors":"Marta Sochocka,&nbsp;Michał Ochnik,&nbsp;Maciej Sobczyński,&nbsp;Beata Orzechowska,&nbsp;Jerzy Leszek","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00653-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00653-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are associated with a disruption of normal immune function that could potentially impact the brain. In AD sex and gender have been noted as relevant to disease prevalence or clinical manifestation. It is suggested that disease progression could vary as a result of the different inflammation state among males and females. The objective was to investigate sex-dependent difference in innate immunity of AD patients and healthy, age-matched controls. The level of innate immunity was measured with test based on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) resistance to viral infection (vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV) ex vivo. Cytokine: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10 production by uninfected and VSV-infected PBLs ex vivo with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were examined. In contrast to controls, women with AD exhibit lower average level of innate immunity than AD men. The mean level of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-1β was higher in AD men than in AD women whereas such changes were not observed among controls. The level of IFN-γ was higher in AD than in controls. PBLs from AD did not increase IFN-γ production after viral infection in contrast to controls. Leukocytes from women with AD exhibited a weaker response to viral infection and much less cytokine production compared to men with AD. It is important to consider sex as a biological variable in AD as it shows promises to advance our understanding of mechanisms of AD pathology and may be the basis for future treatment of AD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50032794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome Studies in Lupus Nephritis","authors":"Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme","doi":"10.1007/s00005-022-00651-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00005-022-00651-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present review is aimed at describing the main works that have used gene expression to analyze tissue kidney samples of lupus nephritis patients. Most studies used the gene expression arrays, which enormously advanced our knowledge on the possible mechanisms behind lupus nephritis. However, using bulk gene expression platforms, either as arrays, or as sequencing of RNA is not enough to go into detail of the cells and their molecular patterns and single cell mechanisms of disease. More recently, the first single cell RNA Sequencing study was published and this will also be discussed in the context of lupus nephritis. Single cell RNA sequencing allows to retrieve the genes expressed in each cell in the tissue of interest or in blood. In this context, the results of such studies give us a first glimpse of how a lupus nephritis kidney looks like, but much is still to be done to understand the changes that occur with treatment or with the different pathological subtypes of lupus nephritis and their cellular content.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8389,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50046795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}