Preventive cardiology最新文献

{"title":"Point: a prescription to decrease left ventricular function.","authors":"Myrvin H Ellestad","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00045.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00045.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Courage Trial, published in 2007, has significantly reduced the incidence of treating stable angina with angioplasty. The investigators randomized 2297 patients with documented cardiac ischemia to conservative or invasive therapy and concluded that there was no difference in major events during a follow-up of 2.5 to 7 years and that the urge to open the narrowed artery was unjustified. Over the years it has been well documented by myocardial biopsy that repeated ischemic episodes result in replacement of myocardial cells by fibrous tissue, loss of mitochondria, and deterioration of left ventricular function. Ischemic episodes often occur in the absence of angina so that it is impossible to determine whether the therapy is reducing the magnitude or duration of the process. Also, in their study, 32% of the conservatively treated patients crossed over to invasive. The evidence indicated that conservative treatment may result in a progressive decrease in left ventricular function.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 4","pages":"169-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00045.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28472781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation of pre-activity cardiovascular screening procedures in health/fitness facilities--part II: rationale for low adherence with national standards.","authors":"Judy B Springer,&nbsp;JoAnn M Eickhoff-Shemek,&nbsp;Ernest J Zuberbuehler","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00029.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00029.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to explore the rationale provided by program directors and general managers of health/fitness facilities for low adherence to nationally accepted standards related to pre-activity cardiovascular screening procedures (PACSPs) for members and clients of personal trainers. Qualitative interviews were conducted with the directors/managers in a Midwest region representing 76 facilities who indicated they did not conduct PACSPs for members and clients of personal trainers. Analysis of the rationale provided revealed 6 major clusters: (1) Purpose or need for screening; (2) time and staffing; (3) barrier to participation; (4) personal responsibility for health and actions; (5) legal issues; and (6) company or franchise policy that categorized the reasons for low adherence to PACSPs. These findings highlight the need to increase awareness of the relevance of PACSPs among health/fitness managers, staff members, and current exercise science students as well as engage those in risk management for informed dialogue for consistent application of the standard of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 4","pages":"176-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00029.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28472784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of total cholesterol/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with proximal coronary atherosclerosis detected by multislice computed tomography.","authors":"Deepu Nair,&nbsp;Thomas P Carrigan,&nbsp;Ronan J Curtin,&nbsp;Zoran B Popovic,&nbsp;Stacie Kuzmiak,&nbsp;Paul Schoenhagen,&nbsp;Scott D Flamm,&nbsp;Milind Y Desai","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00011.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00011.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors assessed the association between an elevated total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio (> or = 4) and proximal coronary artery disease (CAD), as observed on multislice computed tomography. Coronary multislice computed tomographic angiography (96% on 40- or 64-slice) was performed in 295 individuals (39% women; mean age, 54 +/- 13 years) without documented CAD who were referred for coronary evaluation. Significant CAD was defined as > or = 50% stenosis in the left main, proximal left anterior descending, or > or = 2 epicardial vessels. Proximal plaque was defined as presence of any plaque in left main or proximal left anterior descending vessels. Individuals with an elevated TC/HDL-C ratio vs those without had a higher prevalence of proximal plaque (62% vs 48%, P = .04) and significant CAD (19% vs 9%, P = .009). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, only age, sex, and TC/HDL-C ratio > or = 4 were associated with significant CAD and proximal plaque.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00011.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28134780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of Normal Diastolic Cardiac Function With VO in the Metabolic Syndrome.","authors":"Anand Chockalingam, Melissa A Linden, Kevin C Dellsperger, Tom R Thomas","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00027.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00027.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morbid obesity and diabetes cause diastolic dysfunction that can be detected by Doppler echocardiography. Patients with the metabolic syndrome could demonstrate early diastolic dysfunction that may influence effort tolerance. A total of 32 patients (17 men) who fulfilled >/=2 of the 5 metabolic syndrome criteria were studied. The average age of patients was 37+/-2 years. All patients were overweight/obese (mean body mass index of 34.4+/-0.7 kg/m(2)), 15 had blood pressure >130/85 mm Hg, 19 had elevated triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dL), and 17 had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (men <40 mg/dL, women <50 mg/dL). Maximal exercise was performed using Bruce treadmill protocol with standard stress echocardiography and tissue Doppler. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)) was measured using indirect calorimetry. Left ventricular filling pressure was indirectly derived from dividing pulse Doppler early mitral inflow velocity (E) by tissue Doppler early diastolic mitral annular motion (E') or E/E'. The group's average treadmill time was 8.06+/-0.28 minutes, VO(2max) was 28.6+/-1.1 mL/kg/min, and 8.2+/-0.3 metabolic equivalents. None had evidence of myocardial ischemia or systolic or diastolic dysfunction with exercise. Mean \"resting\" E/E' and \"post-exercise\" E/E' were 7.01+/-0.04 and 7.41+/-0.41, respectively. There was no significant correlation between resting E/E' and VO(2max) (r=-0.266; P=.14). The post-exercise E/E' significantly correlated with VO(2max) (r=-0.483; P=.005) and metabolic equivalents (r=-0.487; P=.005). Diastolic function is preserved in early metabolic syndrome. Even in the normal diastolic function range, exercise E/E' is inversely related to VO(2max). Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether they develop diastolic dysfunction and related heart failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 3","pages":"163-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945232/pdf/nihms224295.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28316586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Cholesterol Education Panel III guidelines performance role in preventing myocardial infarction in a large cohort without a history of coronary artery disease: Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry study.","authors":"Yeonyee E Yoon,&nbsp;Juan J Rivera,&nbsp;Dong-A Kwon,&nbsp;In-Ho Chae,&nbsp;Myung-Ho Jeong,&nbsp;Seung-Woon Rha,&nbsp;Roger S Blumenthal,&nbsp;Khurram Nasir,&nbsp;Hyuk-Jae Chang","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00030.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00030.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) guidelines are widely used for the primary prevention of a coronary event. These guidelines were developed using experimental data from studies that enrolled mostly Caucasian patients. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis varies with ethnicity. Given these two circumstances, the authors sought to investigate the performance of the guidelines in a large Asian cohort. The Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) includes data collected between November 2005 and December 2006 from 41 referral centers in South Korea. A retrospective review of the clinical data was performed. After patients with a history of coronary heart disease (CHD), CHD equivalent, and those taking lipid-lowering medications were excluded, 2969 individuals (76% men; 61+/-12 years) were enrolled. The recommendations for lipid-lowering treatments according to the NCEP-ATP III were examined in the context of the cohort. A total of 38%, 66%, and 8% of the study participants had hypertension, were smokers, and had a family history of premature CHD, respectively. When patients were stratified by the number of risk factors present and their 10-year CHD risk, 69% diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction did not qualify for drug therapy. Irrespective of the age group examined (young, intermediate, and old), the percentage of patients who did not qualify for a lipid-lowering pharmacologic intervention was higher than 60%. NCEP-ATP III underestimates CHD risk in individuals of Asian descent. Further studies are needed to improve primary CHD prevention in this patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 2","pages":"109-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00030.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28202970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QT dispersion and heart rate predict the risk of sudden unexpected cardiac death in men: the Manitoba Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Thomas Edward Cuddy,&nbsp;Priyanka S Halli,&nbsp;Robert B Tate","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00016.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00016.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As many as half of all sudden cardiac deaths are unexpected, with no preceding symptoms or signs of cardiac problems. Since 1948, the Manitoba Follow-up Study has prospectively recorded routine medical information and resting electrocardiographic (ECG) findings from a cohort of 3983 men. During 58 years of follow-up, 180 men experienced sudden unexpected cardiac death (SUCD). Heart rate, the longest QT interval, the shortest QT interval, and their difference and QT dispersion (QTD) on ECGs recorded prior to SUCD and 5 years and 10 years earlier were compared with QT intervals on ECGs of age-matched controls. QTD and heart rate each were significantly (P < .01) and independently associated with increased risk for SUCD. Only primary prevention can reduce the risk for SUCD. Hence, this relationship between QTD and heart rate and SUCD emphasizes the importance of longitudinal noninvasive QT measurements on routine ECGs in healthy men.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00016.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28135725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes about health and health-related behaviors in patients with cardiovascular disease or at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Jennifer G Robinson,&nbsp;Kathleen M Fox,&nbsp;Susan Grandy","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00037.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00037.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated whether positive health attitudes were associated with healthy behaviors in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or moderate coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Self-reported health attitudes and behaviors were assessed in the US Study to Help Improve Early Evaluation and Management of Risk Factors Leading to Diabetes (SHIELD) for respondents with CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (very high risk), CVD and no diabetes (high risk), or moderate CHD risk. CVD was defined as a diagnosis of heart disease/heart attack, stroke, obstructed coronary arteries, or revascularization. Moderate CHD risk was defined as >/=2 Framingham risk factors. Comparisons across very high-risk (n=1177), high-risk (n=2202), and moderate-risk (n=6802) respondents were made using analysis of variance. The proportion of respondents reporting excellent or very good current health decreased with increasing risk (37% of moderate-risk, 21% of high-risk, and 13% of very high-risk respondents). The proportion concerned that their health problems might worsen increased with increasing risk (55%, 63%, and 74%). With increasing risk, 28%, 26%, and 31% exercised regularly and 58%, 52%, and 54% maintained their desired weight for >6 months. Respondents with positive health attitudes were more likely to exercise regularly and maintain desired weight compared with respondents with negative health attitudes (P<.01). Respondents had an average of 3 or 4 family doctor office visits in the past year. Most respondents with CVD or moderate CHD risk had negative health attitudes and were not employing healthy behaviors with regard to exercise and weight management. Frequent family doctor visits are an opportunity to improve the delivery of personalized health education and intervention programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 3","pages":"136-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00037.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28316582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appropriateness of cholesterol management in primary care by sex and level of cardiovascular risk.","authors":"Ann Hiott Barham, David C Goff, Haiying Chen, Aarthi Balasubramanyam, Erica Rosenberger, Denise E Bonds, Alain G Bertoni","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00019.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00019.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study was undertaken to ascertain the appropriateness of lipid screening and management per the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel National Cholesterol Education Program (ATP III) guideline in a sample of North Carolina primary care practices. Demographics, cholesterol values, and comorbid conditions were abstracted from the medical records from 60 community practices participating in a randomized practice-based trial (Guideline Adherence for Heart Health). Eligible patients were aged 21 to 84 years, seen during the baseline period of June 1, 2001, through May 31, 2003, and who were not taking lipid-lowering therapy. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to assess whether age, sex, race/ethnicity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ATP III risk category, or pretreatment low-density lipoprotein (LDL) influenced treatment. Among 5031 eligible patients, 1711 (34.5%) received screening lipid profiles. Screening rates were higher with older age, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. No large differences were seen by sex. Among patients screened (mean age, 51.6 years; 57.9% female), 76.6% were appropriately managed within 4 months. In adjusted analyses, older age was associated with less appropriate treatment (odds ratio [OR] per 5 years, 0.91; P=.01), and patients with LDL cholesterol <or=130 mg/dL (OR, 18.8; P<.001) and the low-risk group (OR, 27.5; P<.001) were more likely to be managed appropriately compared with patients with LDL >or=190 mg/dL and those at high risk. Among 375 patients eligible for drug treatment, those with LDL levels between 131 and 159 mg/dL were much less likely to be treated (OR, 0.15; P<.001) compared with those with LDL >190 mg/dL, whereas risk category did not influence treatment. The challenge facing implementation of ATP III guidelines is much greater for intermediate- and high-risk patients than for low-risk patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 2","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937269/pdf/nihms-227886.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28202969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular risk in special populations II: hypertension.","authors":"Philip R Liebson","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00042.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00042.x","url":null,"abstract":"Racial differences in blood pressure (BP) were reported as early as 1932 when a 7-mm Hg higher systolic BP was recorded in 6000 black workmen compared with 8000 white workmen in New Orleans. Hypertension is of course an important contributor to cardiovascular (CV) events, yet, as of recent surveys, less than one third of the US hypertensive population has adequate BP control despite the availability of a large variety of antihypertensive medications. In fact, hypertension prevalence is increasing, by 3.7% from 1988–1991 to 1999–2000 based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Although almost 70% of persons were aware of their hypertension in the more recent survey and almost 60% were treated (an increase of 6% from the earlier survey), hypertension was controlled in only 31% (an increase of slightly more than 6%). In terms of special populations, women, the elderly (older than 60 years), and Mexican Americans had lower rates of control than men, younger persons, and non-Hispanic whites. A more recent sampling comparison using expanded sample sizes of NHANES (1998–1994 vs 1999–2002) provided further information in regard to race-specific data on hypertension comparing blacks with whites. The prevalence of hypertension was highest in blacks, increasing from 36% in the earlier NHANES to 41% in the later one (and from 24% to 29% among whites) (Table I). However, awareness of their hypertension status was higher in blacks (78% vs 70%), with an increase of 4% for blacks since the earlier survey without a change in whites. Treatment increased in blacks from 58% to 68%. Although BP control in blacks increased from 23% to 32% since the earlier survey, it remained below whites in both surveys, with 35% of whites having BP control in the latter survey (Table II). In the 1999–2004 NHANES, the prevalence of hypertension increased with age, from 7.3% in persons 18 to 39 years, to 66.3% in persons 60 years and older. The BP control rate (to <140 ⁄90 mm Hg) increased from 29.2% in 1999–2000 to 36.8% in 2003–2004. This increase was significant in sexes, blacks, and Mexican Americans. In the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) involving 6814 adults without clinical heart disease, the prevalence of hypertension or selfreported treatment of hypertension was significantly higher in blacks than whites (60% vs 38%) (Figure 1). After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), presence of diabetes, and smoking, black race as well as Chinese ethnicity were associated with higher prevalence of hypertension compared with white race, and socioeconomic factors were significantly associated with treated but uncontrolled hypertension in blacks compared with other racial groups. In a study of adherence to guidelines, in this case the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) guidelines (1997), a review of medical records of 15,768 visits to 12 internal medicin","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 4","pages":"189-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00042.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28472786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The problem of stent thrombosis associated with drug-eluting stents and the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.","authors":"Susana Ayyanathan,&nbsp;David Hersh,&nbsp;Neil L Coplan,&nbsp;Kirk Garratt","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00031.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00031.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-eluting stents have significantly reduced the problem of restenosis, but there is an association between drug-eluting stents and stent thrombosis that can be a significant clinical problem resulting in myocardial infarction or death. The risk for stent thrombosis increases in certain clinical situations and has been reduced through the use of dual antiplatelet therapy for prolonged periods. Until new therapies are developed, it is essential that patients who have had drug-eluting stents implanted continue with dual-antiplatelet therapy for at least 1 year and possibly for an indefinite period.</p>","PeriodicalId":83876,"journal":{"name":"Preventive cardiology","volume":"12 2","pages":"59-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2009.00031.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28203073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}