AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety最新文献_第9页

Workplace exposure to submicron particle mass and number concentrations from manual arc welding of carbon steel. 工作场所暴露于人工弧焊碳钢产生的亚微米颗粒质量和数量浓度。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/394.1

Dale Stephenson, Gauri Seshadri, John M Veranth

{"title":"Workplace exposure to submicron particle mass and number concentrations from manual arc welding of carbon steel.","authors":"Dale Stephenson, Gauri Seshadri, John M Veranth","doi":"10.1202/394.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/394.1","url":null,"abstract":"Particle emissions from manual shielded metal arc welding of carbon steel were sampled in a typical industrial maintenance and metal fabrication workplace environment. Particle number measurements over the size range from 14 nm to 10 microm using a scanning mobility particle sizer and an optical particle counter showed that welding produced an approximately lognormal particle mode with a 120 nm count median and a geometric standard deviation of 2.07. This study produced welding particle number concentrations on the order of 2 x 10(5)/cm(3) in the building air 8.5 m away from the welding. Workplace exposure samples were below the current 8-hour American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists mass concentration threshold limit value of 5 mg/m(3). Submicron particles comprised 80% of the total aerosol mass collected by a cascade impactor during welding. The concentration of larger particles was indistinguishable from indoor background. Microscopy showed that the welding emissions are dominated by clusters formed from <0.1 microm primary spheres. These data on the particles resulting from aerosol transformation by natural dilution inside an industrial building can be compared with laboratory-scale studies of welding particulate. The particle number characteristics observed in this study are significant because toxicological hypotheses suggest that number or surface area may be a better metric than mass when evaluating the health effects of fine particles.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"516-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22522466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surface germicidal effects of ozone for microorganisms. 臭氧对微生物的表面杀菌作用。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/559.1

Chih-Shan Li, Yu-Chun Wang

{"title":"Surface germicidal effects of ozone for microorganisms.","authors":"Chih-Shan Li, Yu-Chun Wang","doi":"10.1202/559.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/559.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this study the influences of microorganism species, relative humidity, and ozone dosage on ozone surface disinfection were evaluated. Bacterial and fungal cultures were spread on agar plates and exposed to ozone. The selected microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida famata, and Penicillium citrinum. Results showed that microorganism survival fraction and ozone dosage (ozone concentration times exposure time) have an exponential relationship. Results also indicated that E. coli was the most sensitive organism to ozone exposure. E. coli required only very low ozone doses of 2-2.5 and 3.5-4 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation, respectively. In addition, P. citrinum was more resistant than E. coli and required ozone doses of 40-60 and 60-120 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation. In addition, spores of B. subtilis were observed to be the most resistant organism, requiring ozone doses of 40-75 and 145-150 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation. Yeast was less resistant than P. citrinum and B. subtilis, requiring ozone doses of 10 and 15-19 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation. It was clearly indicated that the ozone dose differences for 80% microorganism inactivation could be as high as 40 times between B. subtilis and E. coli. Ozone surface germicidal efficiency increased as relative humidity increased, which could be related to more radicals generated from ozone reaction with more water vapor at higher relative humidity. It was concluded that ozone should be highly effective and provide a reliable safety factor in treating contaminated surface. In addition, workers might need to wear suitable respiratory protection at high ozone level operation.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"533-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22522472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting room vapor concentrations due to spills of organic solvents. 预测由于有机溶剂泄漏造成的室内蒸汽浓度。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/341.1

Charles B Keil, Mark Nicas

{"title":"Predicting room vapor concentrations due to spills of organic solvents.","authors":"Charles B Keil, Mark Nicas","doi":"10.1202/341.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/341.1","url":null,"abstract":"Relatively small spills of volatile liquids can result in short-term, high-concentration exposures. Because of the transient nature of these exposures, air sampling may be precluded. As an alternative, exposure assessment can be done by mathematical modeling. The vapor emission rate from small spills is highest immediately following the spill and decreases as the surface area available for mass transfer decreases and evaporation cools the liquid. This decreasing emission rate is not described by any of the existing evaporation rate models. The authors present an evaporation rate model that describes the changing emissions as exponentially decreasing. The rate of decrease is governed by an evaporation rate parameter alpha, which has the unit of min(-1) and can be estimated based on experimental measurements. The authors measured alpha for a suite of compounds and different sizes of spill. They found that alpha can be estimated for hydrocarbons containing only C, H, and O with the equation: alpha=0.000524 VP + 0.0108 SA/Vol, where VP is the vapor pressure of the liquid and SA/Vol is the surface area to volume ratio. Next, the authors integrated the exponentially decreasing emission rate into a well-mixed room versus a near field/far field dispersion construct to predict vapor concentrations. A preliminary experiment was conducted in a test room to compare measured concentrations with the concentrations predicted by the models. The well-mixed room model performed well based on ANSI indoor air model evaluation criteria. The predicted near field concentrations showed a poor fit to the measured values based on the ANSI criteria, although overall they did capture the observed time profile.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"445-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of a quantitative fit testing method for N95 filtering facepiece respirators. N95过滤式口罩定量适宜性测试方法的评价。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.3320/1.2766108

L. Janssen, M. Luinenburg, H. Mullins, S. G. Danisch, T. J. Nelson

{"title":"Evaluation of a quantitative fit testing method for N95 filtering facepiece respirators.","authors":"L. Janssen, M. Luinenburg, H. Mullins, S. G. Danisch, T. J. Nelson","doi":"10.3320/1.2766108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3320/1.2766108","url":null,"abstract":"A method for performing quantitative fit tests (QNFT) with N95 filtering facepiece respirators was developed by earlier investigators. The method employs a simple clamping device to allow the penetration of submicron aerosols through N95 filter media to be measured. The measured value is subtracted from total penetration, with the assumption that the remaining penetration represents faceseal leakage. The developers have used the clamp to assess respirator performance. This study evaluated the clamp's ability to measure filter penetration and determine fit factors. In Phase 1, subjects were quantitatively fit-tested with elastomeric half-facepiece respirators using both generated and ambient aerosols. QNFT were done with each aerosol with both P100 and N95 filters without disturbing the facepiece. In Phase 2 of the study elastomeric half facepieces were sealed to subjects' faces to eliminate faceseal leakage. Ambient aerosol QNFT were performed with P100 and N95 filters without disturbing the facepiece. In both phases the clamp was used to measure N95 filter penetration, which was then subtracted from total penetration for the N95 QNFT. It was hypothesized that N95 fit factors corrected for filter penetration would equal the P100 fit factors. Mean corrected N95 fit factors were significantly different from the P100 fit factors in each phase of the study. In addition, there was essentially no correlation between corrected N95 fit factors and P100 fit factors. It was concluded that the clamp method should not be used to fit-test N95 filtering facepieces or otherwise assess respirator performance.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"287 1","pages":"480-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77164518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Indoor health: background levels of fungi. 室内健康:真菌的背景水平。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/396.1

Ronald E Gots, Nancy J Layton, Suellen W Pirages

{"title":"Indoor health: background levels of fungi.","authors":"Ronald E Gots, Nancy J Layton, Suellen W Pirages","doi":"10.1202/396.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/396.1","url":null,"abstract":"There is no uniformity in the suggested guidelines for acceptable levels of fungi in indoor ambient air. Thus, health professionals have no way to determine what levels of fungi may pose a threat to human health. The authors reviewed the published literature to identify data reported for noncomplaint structures, that is, structures in which occupants did not have health concerns associated with the quality of the indoor air. For both commercial and residential structures, fungal concentrations detected were often higher than currently suggested guidance values. The average indoor air concentration in 149 noncomplaint commercial buildings was 233 colony forming units (CFU) per cubic meter, whereas outdoor ambient air levels averaged 983 CFU/m(3). Total indoor spore counts ranged from 610 to 1040 spores/m(3) in three commercial buildings. Outdoor total spore counts associated with these buildings ranged from 400 to 80,000 spores/m(3). The average indoor concentration reported for 820 noncomplaint residential structures was 1252 CFU/m(3) with an average outdoor level of 1524 CFU/m(3). Total spore counts detected indoors at 85 residential structures ranged from 68 to 2307 spores/m(3). Outdoor spore levels associated with these structures ranged from 400 to 80,000 spores/m(3). A large proportion of both commercial and residential noncomplaint structures have indoor ambient air fungal concentrations above 500 CFU/m(3), a level often advocated as requiring remediation in structures when occupants complain of nonspecific adverse health symptoms.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"427-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visualization of airflows in push-pull ventilation systems applied to surface treatment tanks. 应用于表面处理槽的推拉式通风系统的气流可视化。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/416.1

F Marzal, E González, A Miñana, A Baeza

引用次数: 0

Upper body cooling during exercise-heat stress wearing the improved toxicological agent protective system for HAZMAT operations. 上身冷却运动期间，热应激穿着改进的毒理学剂保护系统的危险品作业。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984847

B. Cadarette, L. Levine, J. Staab, M. Kolka, Matthew M Correa, M. Whipple, M. Sawka

{"title":"Upper body cooling during exercise-heat stress wearing the improved toxicological agent protective system for HAZMAT operations.","authors":"B. Cadarette, L. Levine, J. Staab, M. Kolka, Matthew M Correa, M. Whipple, M. Sawka","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984847","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared endurance in a U.S. Army developmental Occupational Safety and Health Administration Level B personal protective equipment (PPE) system against the toxicological agent protective (TAP) suit, the Army's former standard PPE for Level A and Level B toxic environments. The developmental system consisted of two variations: the improved toxicological agent protective (ITAP) suit with self-contained breathing apparatus (ITAP-SCBA), weight 32 kg, and the ITAP with blower (ITAP-B), weight 21 kg. Both ITAP suits included the personal ice cooling system (PICS). TAP (weight 9.5 kg) had no cooling. It was hypothesized that PICS would effectively cool both ITAP configurations, and endurance in TAP would be limited by heat strain. Eight subjects (six men, two women) attempted three 2-hour treadmill walks (0.89 m/sec, 0% grade, rest/exercise cycles of 10/20 min) at 38 degrees C, 30% relative humidity. Metabolic rate for TAP (222+/-35 W) was significantly less than either ITAP-SCBA (278+/-27 W) or ITAP-B (262+/-24 W) (p<0.05). Endurance time was longer in ITAP-SCBA (85+/-20 min) and ITAP-B (87+/-25 min) than in TAP (46+/-10 min) (p<0.05). Heat storage was greater in TAP (77+/-15 W.m(-2)) than in ITAP-SCBA (51+/-16 W.m(-2)) (p<0.05), which was not different from ITAP-B (59+/-14 W.m(-2)). Sweating rate was greater in TAP (23.5+/-11.7 g/min(1)) than in either ITAP-SCBA (11.1+/-2.9 g/min) or ITAP-B (12.8+/-3.5 g/min) (p<0.05). Endurance in ITAP was nearly twice as long as in PPE with no cooling, even though the PICS, SCBA tanks, and new uniform itself all served to increase metabolic cost over that in TAP. PICS could also be used with civilian Levels A and B PPE increasing work time and worker safety.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"17 1","pages":"510-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81593013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Exposure to particulates, microorganisms, beta(1-3)-glucans, and endotoxins during soybean harvesting. 大豆收获期间暴露于微粒、微生物、β(1-3)-葡聚糖和内毒素。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984844

C. Roy, P. Thorne

{"title":"Exposure to particulates, microorganisms, beta(1-3)-glucans, and endotoxins during soybean harvesting.","authors":"C. Roy, P. Thorne","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984844","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an emerging fungal pathogen affecting soybeans in the United States. In response to its emergence, exposures to particulates, bioaerosols, endotoxins, S. sclerotiorum, and beta(1-3)-glucans were characterized during soybean harvesting. Air sampling was performed on soybean harvesters (combines) and on the farmers in closed cabs as personal samples during harvesting at 17 farms in 1997 and repeated at 15 in 1998. S. sclerotiorum infestation was evident in the fields at 8 of the sites (44%). The geometric mean concentrations (and geometric standard deviations) measured on the combines in 1998 were as follows: total dust, 11.9 (2.8) mg/m(3); inhalable dust 11.7 (6.4) mg/m(3); and beta(1-3)-glucans, 5027 (7) ng/m(3). Values for the personal samples in 1998 were as follows: total dust, 1.2 (6.7) mg/m(3); inhalable dust, 1.1 (5.3); and beta(1-3)-glucans, 674 (9) ng/m(3). These concentrations were two- to threefold higher than in the previous year. Ambient endotoxin concentrations were 4438 EU/m(3) in Year I and 459 EU/m(3) in Year II. Particle size distribution measurements on the combines yielded mass median aerodynamic diameters of 6.6 microm on the combine and 4.0 microm inside the combine cab. Closed combine cabs provided an average workplace protection factor of 11.7 for total dust. Nevertheless, personal exposures to organisms inside combine cabins ranged from 3.6 x 10(4) to 4.0 x 10(8) organisms/m(3). These data indicate the potential exists for high exposures to organic dust and bioaerosols during soybean harvesting.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"119 7 1","pages":"487-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90247730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Exposures to diesel exhaust in the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 1950-1990. 国际卡车司机兄弟会的柴油废气暴露，1950-1990。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/435.1

Chad R Bailey, Joseph H Somers, Kyle Steenland

引用次数: 13

Exposure to particulates, microorganisms, beta(1-3)-glucans, and endotoxins during soybean harvesting. 在大豆收割过程中接触微粒、微生物、β(1-3)-葡聚糖和内毒素。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/351.1

Chad J Roy, Peter S Thorne

{"title":"Exposure to particulates, microorganisms, beta(1-3)-glucans, and endotoxins during soybean harvesting.","authors":"Chad J Roy, Peter S Thorne","doi":"10.1202/351.1","DOIUrl":"10.1202/351.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an emerging fungal pathogen affecting soybeans in the United States. In response to its emergence, exposures to particulates, bioaerosols, endotoxins, S. sclerotiorum, and beta(1-3)-glucans were characterized during soybean harvesting. Air sampling was performed on soybean harvesters (combines) and on the farmers in closed cabs as personal samples during harvesting at 17 farms in 1997 and repeated at 15 in 1998. S. sclerotiorum infestation was evident in the fields at 8 of the sites (44%). The geometric mean concentrations (and geometric standard deviations) measured on the combines in 1998 were as follows: total dust, 11.9 (2.8) mg/m(3); inhalable dust 11.7 (6.4) mg/m(3); and beta(1-3)-glucans, 5027 (7) ng/m(3). Values for the personal samples in 1998 were as follows: total dust, 1.2 (6.7) mg/m(3); inhalable dust, 1.1 (5.3); and beta(1-3)-glucans, 674 (9) ng/m(3). These concentrations were two- to threefold higher than in the previous year. Ambient endotoxin concentrations were 4438 EU/m(3) in Year I and 459 EU/m(3) in Year II. Particle size distribution measurements on the combines yielded mass median aerodynamic diameters of 6.6 microm on the combine and 4.0 microm inside the combine cab. Closed combine cabs provided an average workplace protection factor of 11.7 for total dust. Nevertheless, personal exposures to organisms inside combine cabins ranged from 3.6 x 10(4) to 4.0 x 10(8) organisms/m(3). These data indicate the potential exists for high exposures to organic dust and bioaerosols during soybean harvesting.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"487-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0