AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety最新文献_第10页

Alternative field methods for measuring hearing protector performance. 测量听力保护器性能的备选现场方法。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/309.1

John R Franks, William J Murphy, Dave A Harris, Jennifer L Johnson, Peter B Shaw

{"title":"Alternative field methods for measuring hearing protector performance.","authors":"John R Franks, William J Murphy, Dave A Harris, Jennifer L Johnson, Peter B Shaw","doi":"10.1202/309.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/309.1","url":null,"abstract":"In comparison with the mandatory noise reduction rating (NRR) testing of every hearing protector sold in the United States, real-world tests of hearing protector attenuation are scarce. This study evaluated data from three potential field-test methods as compared with the subject-fit data from Method B of ANSI S12.6-1997 for the E.A.R(R) Express trade mark Pod Plug trade mark. The new field-test methods were the FitCheck headphone (FCH) method, FitCheck in sound field (FCSF) method, and bone-conduction loudness balance (BCLB) method, all of which can be administered in small single-person audiometric booths such as are commonly found in industry. Twenty normal-hearing and audiometrically competent subjects naive to hearing protector use were tested with the laboratory and the three field-test methods in a repeated-measures design. Repeated-measures models with structured covariance matrices were used to analyze the data. Significant effects were found for method, frequency, and first-order frequency-by-gender and frequency-by-method interactions. These effects and interactions were expected given the different psychophysical tasks. The FCSF and BCLB methods provided attenuations that were not significantly different from those found with Method B. Although the attenuations measured for the FCH method were statistically different (greater) than the attenuations from the other methods, the differences were within the magnitude of acceptable test-retest audiometric variability. The results suggest that the FCH and FCSF methods were both feasible and reliable methods for field testing. The FCH method is limited to testing earplugs, and the FCSF requires additional equipment to outfit the test booth, but could be used for testing all types of protectors.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"501-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of a quantitative fit testing method for N95 filtering facepiece respirators. N95过滤式口罩定量适宜性测试方法的评价。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/477.1

Larry Janssen, Michael D Luinenburg, Haskell E Mullins, Susan G Danisch, Thomas J Nelson

{"title":"Evaluation of a quantitative fit testing method for N95 filtering facepiece respirators.","authors":"Larry Janssen, Michael D Luinenburg, Haskell E Mullins, Susan G Danisch, Thomas J Nelson","doi":"10.1202/477.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/477.1","url":null,"abstract":"A method for performing quantitative fit tests (QNFT) with N95 filtering facepiece respirators was developed by earlier investigators. The method employs a simple clamping device to allow the penetration of submicron aerosols through N95 filter media to be measured. The measured value is subtracted from total penetration, with the assumption that the remaining penetration represents faceseal leakage. The developers have used the clamp to assess respirator performance. This study evaluated the clamp's ability to measure filter penetration and determine fit factors. In Phase 1, subjects were quantitatively fit-tested with elastomeric half-facepiece respirators using both generated and ambient aerosols. QNFT were done with each aerosol with both P100 and N95 filters without disturbing the facepiece. In Phase 2 of the study elastomeric half facepieces were sealed to subjects' faces to eliminate faceseal leakage. Ambient aerosol QNFT were performed with P100 and N95 filters without disturbing the facepiece. In both phases the clamp was used to measure N95 filter penetration, which was then subtracted from total penetration for the N95 QNFT. It was hypothesized that N95 fit factors corrected for filter penetration would equal the P100 fit factors. Mean corrected N95 fit factors were significantly different from the P100 fit factors in each phase of the study. In addition, there was essentially no correlation between corrected N95 fit factors and P100 fit factors. It was concluded that the clamp method should not be used to fit-test N95 filtering facepieces or otherwise assess respirator performance.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"480-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AIHA consultants listing. AIHA顾问上市。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01

引用次数: 0

Field evaluation and comparison of five methods of sampling lead dust on carpets. 地毯上五种铅尘取样方法的现场评价与比较。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984850

Z. Bai, L. Yiin, D. Rich, J. Adgate, P. Ashley, P. Lioy, G. Rhoads, J. Zhang

{"title":"Field evaluation and comparison of five methods of sampling lead dust on carpets.","authors":"Z. Bai, L. Yiin, D. Rich, J. Adgate, P. Ashley, P. Lioy, G. Rhoads, J. Zhang","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984850","url":null,"abstract":"Five methods of sampling lead-contaminated dust on carpets were evaluated and compared in 33 New Jersey homes of children with elevated blood lead levels. The five sampling methods were (1) wipe, (2) adhesive label, (3) C18 sheet, (4) vacuum, and (5) hand rinse. Samples were collected side by side on the same carpets within the homes. Among the five methods the wipe and vacuum methods showed high percentages of detectable samples, good reproducibility, and significant correlations with other methods. C18 sheets and adhesive labels collected the least quantity of lead dust, with high percentages of undetectable samples. Because of the limited ability of sampling lead on carpets and the relatively high cost for laboratory analysis, C18 sheets or adhesive labels are not considered feasible sampling techniques. The hand rinse method also was not feasible for carpet sampling, because it was difficult to conduct in the field and laboratory, and it was subject to inconsistency and cross contamination. Wipes, which collected lead dust from carpet surfaces, were believed to be the most appropriate method for measuring lead from carpets accessible to children. However, because of the low pickup from carpets, wipes may not be an appropriate measuring tool to assess the levels of total lead contamination in carpets. The authors recommend using surface wipe sampling to measure accessible lead from carpets for exposure assessment, and vacuum sampling to obtain the information on total lead accumulation.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"37 1","pages":"528-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79710838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Alternative field methods for measuring hearing protector performance. 测量听力保护器性能的备选现场方法。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984846

J. Franks, W. Murphy, D. A. Harris, Jennifer L. Johnson, P. B. Shaw

{"title":"Alternative field methods for measuring hearing protector performance.","authors":"J. Franks, W. Murphy, D. A. Harris, Jennifer L. Johnson, P. B. Shaw","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984846","url":null,"abstract":"In comparison with the mandatory noise reduction rating (NRR) testing of every hearing protector sold in the United States, real-world tests of hearing protector attenuation are scarce. This study evaluated data from three potential field-test methods as compared with the subject-fit data from Method B of ANSI S12.6-1997 for the E.A.R(R) Express trade mark Pod Plug trade mark. The new field-test methods were the FitCheck headphone (FCH) method, FitCheck in sound field (FCSF) method, and bone-conduction loudness balance (BCLB) method, all of which can be administered in small single-person audiometric booths such as are commonly found in industry. Twenty normal-hearing and audiometrically competent subjects naive to hearing protector use were tested with the laboratory and the three field-test methods in a repeated-measures design. Repeated-measures models with structured covariance matrices were used to analyze the data. Significant effects were found for method, frequency, and first-order frequency-by-gender and frequency-by-method interactions. These effects and interactions were expected given the different psychophysical tasks. The FCSF and BCLB methods provided attenuations that were not significantly different from those found with Method B. Although the attenuations measured for the FCH method were statistically different (greater) than the attenuations from the other methods, the differences were within the magnitude of acceptable test-retest audiometric variability. The results suggest that the FCH and FCSF methods were both feasible and reliable methods for field testing. The FCH method is limited to testing earplugs, and the FCSF requires additional equipment to outfit the test booth, but could be used for testing all types of protectors.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"14 1","pages":"501-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78645419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

An HDI polyisocyanate aerosol exposure system for large-scale animal experiments. 大型动物实验用HDI多异氰酸酯气溶胶暴露系统。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984837

Chun-Ting Lee, H. Poovey, M. Friedman, R. Rando, G. Hoyle

{"title":"An HDI polyisocyanate aerosol exposure system for large-scale animal experiments.","authors":"Chun-Ting Lee, H. Poovey, M. Friedman, R. Rando, G. Hoyle","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984837","url":null,"abstract":"An exposure system that allows large-scale exposure of animals to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-based polyisocyanates at a stable concentration and aerosol size distribution was developed. The HDI polyisocyanate aerosol is generated by nebulizing a solution of a commercial polyisocyanate product dissolved in acetone. The aerosol is delivered with a constant airflow into a horizontal flow chamber. Complete mixing of aerosol in the chamber is ensured by a circulating fan. This method has been used to generate atmospheres containing HDI polyisocyanates at a concentration of 10.46+/-0.23 mg/m(3) over a 5-hour period. The overall mass median aerodynamic equivalent diameter was found to be 1.42 microm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.26. The HDI monomer concentration was 0.15+/-0.04 mg/m(3). The average chamber acetone concentration was determined to be 2481+/-222 ppm (mean+/-standard deviation). Different HDI polyisocyanate concentrations in the chamber can be achieved by altering the concentration of the commercial polyisocyanate product in acetone and the chamber flow rate. The described exposure system will be useful for performing toxicological studies involving HDI polyisocyanates.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"21 1","pages":"439-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84242449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Airway responsiveness of rabbits after exposure to 2-octyl dodecanol. 暴露于2-辛烷十二醇后家兔气道反应性的研究。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/326.1

Thomas Mensing, Hajo-H Fricke, Wolfgang Marek, Bruno Voss, Thomas Brüning, Michael Wilhelm

{"title":"Airway responsiveness of rabbits after exposure to 2-octyl dodecanol.","authors":"Thomas Mensing, Hajo-H Fricke, Wolfgang Marek, Bruno Voss, Thomas Brüning, Michael Wilhelm","doi":"10.1202/326.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/326.1","url":null,"abstract":"Cooling lubricants are used in the metal industry during drilling or turning. Vapors and aerosols of these lubricants are suspected to induce airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in exposed workers. In a previous study the authors demonstrated that water-soluble lubricants induce AHR after acute exposure of rabbits to concentrations near the German MAK value (10 mg/m(3)). In the present investigation the influence of a fatty alcohol as special non-water-soluble cooling lubricant was examined to determine its influence on airway responsiveness (AR). The effects of an aerosolized non-water-soluble lubricant (40, 90, and 220 mg/m(3)) on AR to acetylcholine in a rabbit model were studied. Lubricant atmosphere analysis was performed with infrared spectroscopy. Before exposure, after 2 and 4 hours of application, AR to aerosols from 0.2 and 2% acetylcholine was tested. Basal airway and cardiovascular parameters as well as blood gases did not change during exposure. Lubricant aerosol concentration of 40 and 220 mg/m(3) for 4 hours did not significantly alter AR. Inhalation of 90 mg/m(3) lubricant increased contractile response to ACH significantly. In contrast to formerly investigated water-soluble cooling lubricants, the examined non-water-soluble lubricant did not increase AR in concentrations near the MAK; however, in higher concentrations a significant (p<.05) increase was obtained.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"461-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of beryllium aerosols in an extraction and processing plant. 萃取和加工工厂中铍气溶胶的粒径分布和呼吸沉积估计。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984849

D. D. Thorat, T. N. Mahadevan, D. Ghosh

引用次数: 14

Indoor health: background levels of fungi. 室内健康:真菌的背景水平。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984836

R. Gots, Nancy J Layton, S. Pirages

{"title":"Indoor health: background levels of fungi.","authors":"R. Gots, Nancy J Layton, S. Pirages","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984836","url":null,"abstract":"There is no uniformity in the suggested guidelines for acceptable levels of fungi in indoor ambient air. Thus, health professionals have no way to determine what levels of fungi may pose a threat to human health. The authors reviewed the published literature to identify data reported for noncomplaint structures, that is, structures in which occupants did not have health concerns associated with the quality of the indoor air. For both commercial and residential structures, fungal concentrations detected were often higher than currently suggested guidance values. The average indoor air concentration in 149 noncomplaint commercial buildings was 233 colony forming units (CFU) per cubic meter, whereas outdoor ambient air levels averaged 983 CFU/m(3). Total indoor spore counts ranged from 610 to 1040 spores/m(3) in three commercial buildings. Outdoor total spore counts associated with these buildings ranged from 400 to 80,000 spores/m(3). The average indoor concentration reported for 820 noncomplaint residential structures was 1252 CFU/m(3) with an average outdoor level of 1524 CFU/m(3). Total spore counts detected indoors at 85 residential structures ranged from 68 to 2307 spores/m(3). Outdoor spore levels associated with these structures ranged from 400 to 80,000 spores/m(3). A large proportion of both commercial and residential noncomplaint structures have indoor ambient air fungal concentrations above 500 CFU/m(3), a level often advocated as requiring remediation in structures when occupants complain of nonspecific adverse health symptoms.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"1 1","pages":"427-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76809676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 110

Evaluation of a personal monitor employing an electrochemical sensor for assessing exposure to hydrogen peroxide in the workplace. 使用电化学传感器评估工作场所过氧化氢暴露的个人监测器的评价。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984828

Jeongim Park, Marcia R Plese, Mark A Puskar

{"title":"Evaluation of a personal monitor employing an electrochemical sensor for assessing exposure to hydrogen peroxide in the workplace.","authors":"Jeongim Park, Marcia R Plese, Mark A Puskar","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984828","url":null,"abstract":"A commercially available direct-reading instrument designed for personal monitoring of vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VHP) was evaluated in the laboratory and the workplace. Monitoring VHP has gained increasing importance in the pharmaceutical industry because sterilization using VHP has proven to be a good alternative to previously used sterilizing methods. The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration impinger method for VHP measurements, based on bubbling air through an acid solution with subsequent laboratory analysis, is not practical for monitoring personal exposures. By employing an electrochemical sensor, the instrument evaluated provides real-time exposure data with auxiliary functions such as displaying concentrations in parts per million, data logging, and alarms. A double-dilution technique using a syringe pump was used to generate dynamic test atmospheres ranging from 0.2 to 10 ppm in an exposure chamber. Time-weighted average concentration data from the direct-reading instrument was compared with concentration data from the impingers. The overall accuracy was less than the +/-25%, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health criterion. No significant differences in accuracy were observed at three humidity levels (i.e., 15, 50, and 80%). The instrument was similarly evaluated in a workplace under typical conditions. The results agreed within +/-0.2 ppm. Selected performance characteristics of the instrument also were investigated, including reproducibility, response and recovery times, calibration frequency, and suitability of the calibration adapter. Results of the investigation suggest that the instrument provides a means for simple and accurate monitoring of personal exposures to VHP in workplace environments.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 3","pages":"360-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15428110308984828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22439677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5