AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety最新文献_第8页

Upper body cooling during exercise-heat stress wearing the improved toxicological agent protective system for HAZMAT operations. 上身冷却运动期间，热应激穿着改进的毒理学剂保护系统的危险品作业。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/419.1

Bruce S Cadarette, Leslie Levine, Janet E Staab, Margaret A Kolka, Matthew M Correa, Matthew Whipple, Michael N Sawka

{"title":"Upper body cooling during exercise-heat stress wearing the improved toxicological agent protective system for HAZMAT operations.","authors":"Bruce S Cadarette, Leslie Levine, Janet E Staab, Margaret A Kolka, Matthew M Correa, Matthew Whipple, Michael N Sawka","doi":"10.1202/419.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/419.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared endurance in a U.S. Army developmental Occupational Safety and Health Administration Level B personal protective equipment (PPE) system against the toxicological agent protective (TAP) suit, the Army's former standard PPE for Level A and Level B toxic environments. The developmental system consisted of two variations: the improved toxicological agent protective (ITAP) suit with self-contained breathing apparatus (ITAP-SCBA), weight 32 kg, and the ITAP with blower (ITAP-B), weight 21 kg. Both ITAP suits included the personal ice cooling system (PICS). TAP (weight 9.5 kg) had no cooling. It was hypothesized that PICS would effectively cool both ITAP configurations, and endurance in TAP would be limited by heat strain. Eight subjects (six men, two women) attempted three 2-hour treadmill walks (0.89 m/sec, 0% grade, rest/exercise cycles of 10/20 min) at 38 degrees C, 30% relative humidity. Metabolic rate for TAP (222+/-35 W) was significantly less than either ITAP-SCBA (278+/-27 W) or ITAP-B (262+/-24 W) (p<0.05). Endurance time was longer in ITAP-SCBA (85+/-20 min) and ITAP-B (87+/-25 min) than in TAP (46+/-10 min) (p<0.05). Heat storage was greater in TAP (77+/-15 W.m(-2)) than in ITAP-SCBA (51+/-16 W.m(-2)) (p<0.05), which was not different from ITAP-B (59+/-14 W.m(-2)). Sweating rate was greater in TAP (23.5+/-11.7 g/min(1)) than in either ITAP-SCBA (11.1+/-2.9 g/min) or ITAP-B (12.8+/-3.5 g/min) (p<0.05). Endurance in ITAP was nearly twice as long as in PPE with no cooling, even though the PICS, SCBA tanks, and new uniform itself all served to increase metabolic cost over that in TAP. PICS could also be used with civilian Levels A and B PPE increasing work time and worker safety.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"510-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22522465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Control of workers' exposure to airborne endotoxins and formaldehyde during the use of metalworking fluids. 控制工人在使用金属加工液时对空气中内毒素和甲醛的暴露。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/448.1

Markku Linnainmaa, Hannu Kiviranta, Juha Laitinen, Sirpa Laitinen

{"title":"Control of workers' exposure to airborne endotoxins and formaldehyde during the use of metalworking fluids.","authors":"Markku Linnainmaa, Hannu Kiviranta, Juha Laitinen, Sirpa Laitinen","doi":"10.1202/448.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/448.1","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the effects of triazine use and machine enclosure on workers' exposure to bacteria, endotoxins, and formaldehyde in the use of metalworking fluids (MWF). Concentrations of triazine and bacterial contaminants were monitored in bulk samples of MWF from two machines in one workplace. One of the machines was used normally; triazine was added to the other when needed. Air sampling was used to estimate workers' exposure to endotoxins at 18 workplaces near enclosed and open machines. Concentrations of triazine in MWF and formaldehyde in the air were measured. Some recirculating local exhaust ventilation systems were also tested. The endotoxin and bacteria concentrations in the biocide test of MWF rapidly increased when the biocide levels decreased below 500 ppm. Airborne concentrations of endotoxins were substantially lower near enclosed machines than near open ones. Concentrations of airborne formaldehyde were below the Finnish occupational exposure limit at the existing levels of triazine in MWF. Concentrations of triazine in MWF correlated well with those of formaldehyde in the air near the machines (correlation coefficient r=.69). The results showed that the triazine levels in MWF should continuously be kept high enough (>500 ppm) to prevent workers' exposure to endotoxins and bacteria. Overdosing with triazine, however, should be avoided, so that the levels of airborne formaldehyde remain low. Triazine levels in MWF can be followed by the method described in this article. Workers' exposure to contaminants of MWF can be reduced substantially by enclosing the machines and equipping them with local exhausts.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"496-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22522467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measuring fungal contamination inside walls. 测量墙壁内的真菌污染。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01

Simon Turner

引用次数: 0

Job categories and their effect on exposure to fungal alpha-amylase and inhalable dust in the U.K. baking industry. 英国烘焙行业的工作类别及其对真菌淀粉酶和可吸入粉尘暴露的影响。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984841

J. Elms, P. Beckett, P. Griffin, P. Evans, C. Sams, M. Roff, A. Curran

{"title":"Job categories and their effect on exposure to fungal alpha-amylase and inhalable dust in the U.K. baking industry.","authors":"J. Elms, P. Beckett, P. Griffin, P. Evans, C. Sams, M. Roff, A. Curran","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984841","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymes in flour improver, in particular fungal alpha-amylase, are known to be a significant cause of respiratory allergy in the baking industry. This study measured total inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase exposures in U.K. bakeries, mills, and a flour improver production and packing facility and determined whether assignment of job description could identify individuals with the highest exposures to fungal alpha-amylase and inhalable dust. A total of 117 personal samples were taken for workers in 19 bakeries, 2 mills, and a flour improver production and packing facility and were analyzed using a monoclonal based immunoassay. Occupational hygiene surveys were undertaken for each site to assign job description and identify individuals who worked directly with flour improvers. Analysis of exposure data identified that mixers and weighers from large bakeries had the highest exposures to both inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase among the different categories of bakery workers (p<.01). Currently, the maximum exposure limit for flour dust in the United Kingdom is 10 mg/m(3) (8-hour time-weighted average reference period). In this study 25% of the total dust results for bakers exceeded 10 mg/m(3), and interestingly, 63% of the individuals with exposure levels exceeding 10 mg/m(3) were weighers and mixers. Individuals who worked directly with flour improvers were exposed to higher levels of both inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase (p<.01) than those who were not directly handling these products. Before sensitive immunoassays were utilized for the detection of specific inhalable allergens, gravimetric analysis was often used as a surrogate. There was a weak relationship between inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase exposures; however, inhalable dust levels could not be used to predict amylase exposures, which highlights the importance of measuring both inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase exposures.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"23 1","pages":"467-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72893435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 34

Visualization of airflows in push-pull ventilation systems applied to surface treatment tanks. 应用于表面处理槽的推拉式通风系统的气流可视化。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984839

F. Marzal, E. González, A. Miñana, A. Baeza

引用次数: 19

Particle size distribution and respiratory deposition estimates of beryllium aerosols in an extraction and processing plant. 萃取和加工工厂中铍气溶胶的粒径分布和呼吸沉积估计。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/369.1

D D Thorat, T N Mahadevan, D K Ghosh

引用次数: 0

Field evaluation and comparison of five methods of sampling lead dust on carpets. 地毯上五种铅尘取样方法的现场评价与比较。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/1542-8125(2003)64(528:FEACOF)2.0.CO;2

Zhipeng Bai, Lih-Ming Yiin, David Q Rich, John L Adgate, Peter J Ashley, Paul J Lioy, George G Rhoads, Junfeng Zhang

{"title":"Field evaluation and comparison of five methods of sampling lead dust on carpets.","authors":"Zhipeng Bai, Lih-Ming Yiin, David Q Rich, John L Adgate, Peter J Ashley, Paul J Lioy, George G Rhoads, Junfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1202/1542-8125(2003)64(528:FEACOF)2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/1542-8125(2003)64(528:FEACOF)2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Five methods of sampling lead-contaminated dust on carpets were evaluated and compared in 33 New Jersey homes of children with elevated blood lead levels. The five sampling methods were (1) wipe, (2) adhesive label, (3) C18 sheet, (4) vacuum, and (5) hand rinse. Samples were collected side by side on the same carpets within the homes. Among the five methods the wipe and vacuum methods showed high percentages of detectable samples, good reproducibility, and significant correlations with other methods. C18 sheets and adhesive labels collected the least quantity of lead dust, with high percentages of undetectable samples. Because of the limited ability of sampling lead on carpets and the relatively high cost for laboratory analysis, C18 sheets or adhesive labels are not considered feasible sampling techniques. The hand rinse method also was not feasible for carpet sampling, because it was difficult to conduct in the field and laboratory, and it was subject to inconsistency and cross contamination. Wipes, which collected lead dust from carpet surfaces, were believed to be the most appropriate method for measuring lead from carpets accessible to children. However, because of the low pickup from carpets, wipes may not be an appropriate measuring tool to assess the levels of total lead contamination in carpets. The authors recommend using surface wipe sampling to measure accessible lead from carpets for exposure assessment, and vacuum sampling to obtain the information on total lead accumulation.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"528-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22522470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An HDI polyisocyanate aerosol exposure system for large-scale animal experiments. 大型动物实验用HDI多异氰酸酯气溶胶暴露系统。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1202/300.1

Chun-Ting Lee, Halet G Poovey, Mitchell Friedman, Roy J Rando, Gary W Hoyle

{"title":"An HDI polyisocyanate aerosol exposure system for large-scale animal experiments.","authors":"Chun-Ting Lee, Halet G Poovey, Mitchell Friedman, Roy J Rando, Gary W Hoyle","doi":"10.1202/300.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/300.1","url":null,"abstract":"An exposure system that allows large-scale exposure of animals to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-based polyisocyanates at a stable concentration and aerosol size distribution was developed. The HDI polyisocyanate aerosol is generated by nebulizing a solution of a commercial polyisocyanate product dissolved in acetone. The aerosol is delivered with a constant airflow into a horizontal flow chamber. Complete mixing of aerosol in the chamber is ensured by a circulating fan. This method has been used to generate atmospheres containing HDI polyisocyanates at a concentration of 10.46+/-0.23 mg/m(3) over a 5-hour period. The overall mass median aerodynamic equivalent diameter was found to be 1.42 microm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.26. The HDI monomer concentration was 0.15+/-0.04 mg/m(3). The average chamber acetone concentration was determined to be 2481+/-222 ppm (mean+/-standard deviation). Different HDI polyisocyanate concentrations in the chamber can be achieved by altering the concentration of the commercial polyisocyanate product in acetone and the chamber flow rate. The described exposure system will be useful for performing toxicological studies involving HDI polyisocyanates.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"439-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting room vapor concentrations due to spills of organic solvents. 预测由于有机溶剂泄漏造成的室内蒸汽浓度。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984838

C. Keil, M. Nicas

{"title":"Predicting room vapor concentrations due to spills of organic solvents.","authors":"C. Keil, M. Nicas","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984838","url":null,"abstract":"Relatively small spills of volatile liquids can result in short-term, high-concentration exposures. Because of the transient nature of these exposures, air sampling may be precluded. As an alternative, exposure assessment can be done by mathematical modeling. The vapor emission rate from small spills is highest immediately following the spill and decreases as the surface area available for mass transfer decreases and evaporation cools the liquid. This decreasing emission rate is not described by any of the existing evaporation rate models. The authors present an evaporation rate model that describes the changing emissions as exponentially decreasing. The rate of decrease is governed by an evaporation rate parameter alpha, which has the unit of min(-1) and can be estimated based on experimental measurements. The authors measured alpha for a suite of compounds and different sizes of spill. They found that alpha can be estimated for hydrocarbons containing only C, H, and O with the equation: alpha=0.000524 VP + 0.0108 SA/Vol, where VP is the vapor pressure of the liquid and SA/Vol is the surface area to volume ratio. Next, the authors integrated the exponentially decreasing emission rate into a well-mixed room versus a near field/far field dispersion construct to predict vapor concentrations. A preliminary experiment was conducted in a test room to compare measured concentrations with the concentrations predicted by the models. The well-mixed room model performed well based on ANSI indoor air model evaluation criteria. The predicted near field concentrations showed a poor fit to the measured values based on the ANSI criteria, although overall they did capture the observed time profile.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"11 2 1","pages":"445-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83166683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 49

Workplace exposure to submicron particle mass and number concentrations from manual arc welding of carbon steel. 工作场所暴露于人工弧焊碳钢产生的亚微米颗粒质量和数量浓度。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984848

D. Stephenson, G. Seshadri, J. Veranth

{"title":"Workplace exposure to submicron particle mass and number concentrations from manual arc welding of carbon steel.","authors":"D. Stephenson, G. Seshadri, J. Veranth","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984848","url":null,"abstract":"Particle emissions from manual shielded metal arc welding of carbon steel were sampled in a typical industrial maintenance and metal fabrication workplace environment. Particle number measurements over the size range from 14 nm to 10 microm using a scanning mobility particle sizer and an optical particle counter showed that welding produced an approximately lognormal particle mode with a 120 nm count median and a geometric standard deviation of 2.07. This study produced welding particle number concentrations on the order of 2 x 10(5)/cm(3) in the building air 8.5 m away from the welding. Workplace exposure samples were below the current 8-hour American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists mass concentration threshold limit value of 5 mg/m(3). Submicron particles comprised 80% of the total aerosol mass collected by a cascade impactor during welding. The concentration of larger particles was indistinguishable from indoor background. Microscopy showed that the welding emissions are dominated by clusters formed from <0.1 microm primary spheres. These data on the particles resulting from aerosol transformation by natural dilution inside an industrial building can be compared with laboratory-scale studies of welding particulate. The particle number characteristics observed in this study are significant because toxicological hypotheses suggest that number or surface area may be a better metric than mass when evaluating the health effects of fine particles.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"10 1","pages":"516-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90707618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 65