AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety最新文献

{"title":"More on measuring fungal contamination inside walls.","authors":"Daniel M Baxter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"598-600; author reply 600-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24037704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of a passive aerosol sampler to size-selective pump samplers in indoor environments.","authors":"J. Wagner, J. Macher","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984856","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of the Wagner-Leith passive aerosol sampler to measure indoor exposures over periods of 24 hours to 2 weeks. An automated analysis technique was developed so that lower aerosol concentrations could be sampled over shorter time periods. A test of the new analytical method against a manual method showed good agreement. The passive sampler was tested alongside three pump-operated, size-selective samplers in indoor environments. Generally, good correlation with the active samplers was observed. Correlation with a personal impactor with uncoated substrates was not statistically significant, but the cyclone, MS&T impactor, and overall correlations had R(2) values of 0.73-0.88. Combining these data with a previous study produced an R(2) of 0.96 between passive and active results. Large discrepancies (up to 147%) between passive and personal impactor results were observed and were attributed to particle bounce in the impactor, passive sampler imprecision due to few collected fine particles, and problems with detection of organic particles in the passive sampler. The Wagner-Leith sampler has now been tested over five orders of magnitude in mass concentration, in which it has proved useful for obtaining aerosol size distributions, mass fractions, qualitative elemental analysis, and morphology of individual particles. The sampler has several limitations, including increased sensitivity to contamination when fewer particles are collected, uncertainties in sampling semi-volatile particles, and the need for some expertise and expense to analyze the passive samples.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"310 1","pages":"630-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79690851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodologies for determining capture efficiencies in surface treatment tanks.","authors":"F. Marzal, E. González, A. Miñana, A. Baeza","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984852","url":null,"abstract":"Methodologies are proposed for determining capture efficiencies in the ventilation systems of surface treatment tanks, using test-scale equipment. The equipment, which incorporates a lateral and push-pull ventilation system, can measure and control the variables of interest because it incorporates a tracer gas generator (sulfur hexafluoride, the concentration of which is measured by infrared spectrometer). The experimental methodologies described determine total efficiency (when the tracer is emitted uniformly from the whole surface of the tank) and the so-called transversal linear efficiency (when the tracer is emitted linearly through a perforated tube situated over the tank, parallel to the exhaust hood face). The analytical and graphical relationships that can be are established between the two efficiencies make it possible to detect where the emissions not captured by the ventilation system are produced (i.e., losses to the outside). At the same time, such losses can be quantified. Several experiments, results of which are analyzed by the methods described, are included.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"98 1","pages":"604-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83592586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to diesel exhaust emissions on board locomotives.","authors":"Baily Seshagiri","doi":"10.1202/468.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/468.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurements of diesel exhaust emissions (DEEs) were taken in the cabs of leading and trailing locomotives on 48 runs, under winter and summer conditions, on 9 different routes. The cab windows were kept open during the summer runs and closed during the winter runs. The average measurement duration was 9.5 hours. There was virtually no exposure to DEEs in the lead locomotives during winter or summer and very little in the trailing locomotives during winter. The average elemental carbon (EC) concentration in the trailing units of the summer trials was greater than or equal to the proposed American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' threshold limit value/time-weighted average of 20 microg/m(3) on 26% of the runs, and was greater than or equal to 10 microg/m(3) on 63%. The concentrations of the gaseous components (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide) were from 10 to 20 times below their respective threshold limit values. Mean EC concentration was 2.9 microg/m(3) (detection limit 2 microg/m(3)) during the winter runs and 17.1 microg/m(3) during summer. DEEs appeared to be fairly uniformly distributed in the trailing cabs. Configuration of the locomotives had a major impact on EC concentration, with the mean concentration being nearly three times higher in the forward-backward mode than in the forward-forward mode. Descriptive statistics such as means, medians, standard deviations, and so forth, are provided. Various types of statistical comparisons are reported. Recommendations for controlling exposure are made.</p>","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"678-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24008244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using multiple information sources to identify opportunities for ergonomic interventions in automotive parts distribution: a case study.","authors":"W. Keyserling, S. Ulin, A. Lincoln, S. Baker","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984865","url":null,"abstract":"An essential activity in any ergonomics program is determining specific work locations and activities where physical demands place workers at increased risk of sustaining an overexertion injury. To do this, safety and health professionals rely on a variety of information sources to identify and prioritize opportunities for ergonomic interventions. As part of a 4-year project to reduce overexertion injuries in the service parts division of a major auto maker, a study was performed in 19 parts distribution centers to evaluate the contributions of the following information sources in identifying specific high-risk work locations and activities: (1) archival medical/injury records, (2) identification of \"problem tasks\" by plant-based ergonomic committees, (3) facility walk-throughs by experienced ergonomists, and (4) detailed ergonomic job analyses. Archival records were not particularly useful in identifying high-risk activities because essential exposure information (e.g., task, work location) was not documented. Walk-throughs and detailed ergonomic analyses were partially effective in identifying high-risk activities; however, in some cases the observation time was too short to observe peak exposures. Ergonomic committees were generally effective in identifying specific high-risk tasks and work locations. Rankings of \"problem tasks\" from multiple sites identified consensus division-wide ergonomic concerns. Detailed ergonomic job analyses confirmed that these tasks had high exposure to ergonomic risk factors. This study demonstrated potential pitfalls in relying on a single information source to identify work locations and activities that place workers at increased risk of overexertion injury.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"690-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87736747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to noise on board locomotives.","authors":"Baily Seshagiri","doi":"10.1202/532.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/532.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Personal and area noise dosimetry measurements were taken in the cabs of leading and trailing locomotives on 48 trips, under winter and summer conditions, on 9 different routes. The mean equivalent sound level (L(EQ), 3 dB exchange rate, 50 dBA threshold) of the engineers and conductors was 84 dBA during winter and 88 dBA during summer. The corresponding time-weighted average levels (L(TWA), 5 dB exchange rate, 80 dBA threshold) were 80 and 84 dBA respectively. The L(EQ) of 56% of the engineers sampled was > or =85 dBA and of 13% was > or =90 dBA. Plots of L(EQ) time history show that under normal operating conditions L(EQ) reaches its steady-state value in about 3 hours. The mean noise levels in the trailing cabs were lower than the personal exposure levels of the engineers and conductors. The mean L(EQ) on the engineer and conductor sides was 80 dBA during winter, and 85 dBA during summer. Locomotive configuration has a significant effect on the noise levels in the trailing cab. The forward-backward configuration resulted in higher noise levels than the forward-forward configuration. Octave and one-third octave band spectra taken during a variety of locomotive operating conditions are presented. The octave band centered at 31.5 Hz contains nearly 46% of the acoustical energy, and those centered at and below 250 Hz contain nearly 99% of the acoustical energy. Wheel-rail interaction appears to be the predominant source of the low frequency noise. Recommendations for controlling exposure are made.</p>","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"699-707"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24007692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of workers' exposure to airborne endotoxins and formaldehyde during the use of metalworking fluids.","authors":"M. Linnainmaa, H. Kiviranta, J. Laitinen, S. Laitinen","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984845","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the effects of triazine use and machine enclosure on workers' exposure to bacteria, endotoxins, and formaldehyde in the use of metalworking fluids (MWF). Concentrations of triazine and bacterial contaminants were monitored in bulk samples of MWF from two machines in one workplace. One of the machines was used normally; triazine was added to the other when needed. Air sampling was used to estimate workers' exposure to endotoxins at 18 workplaces near enclosed and open machines. Concentrations of triazine in MWF and formaldehyde in the air were measured. Some recirculating local exhaust ventilation systems were also tested. The endotoxin and bacteria concentrations in the biocide test of MWF rapidly increased when the biocide levels decreased below 500 ppm. Airborne concentrations of endotoxins were substantially lower near enclosed machines than near open ones. Concentrations of airborne formaldehyde were below the Finnish occupational exposure limit at the existing levels of triazine in MWF. Concentrations of triazine in MWF correlated well with those of formaldehyde in the air near the machines (correlation coefficient r=.69). The results showed that the triazine levels in MWF should continuously be kept high enough (>500 ppm) to prevent workers' exposure to endotoxins and bacteria. Overdosing with triazine, however, should be avoided, so that the levels of airborne formaldehyde remain low. Triazine levels in MWF can be followed by the method described in this article. Workers' exposure to contaminants of MWF can be reduced substantially by enclosing the machines and equipping them with local exhausts.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"15 4 1","pages":"496-500"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85656068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Job categories and their effect on exposure to fungal alpha-amylase and inhalable dust in the U.K. baking industry.","authors":"Joanne Elms,&nbsp;Paul Beckett,&nbsp;Peter Griffin,&nbsp;Paul Evans,&nbsp;Craig Sams,&nbsp;Martin Roff,&nbsp;Andrew D Curran","doi":"10.1202/240.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/240.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enzymes in flour improver, in particular fungal alpha-amylase, are known to be a significant cause of respiratory allergy in the baking industry. This study measured total inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase exposures in U.K. bakeries, mills, and a flour improver production and packing facility and determined whether assignment of job description could identify individuals with the highest exposures to fungal alpha-amylase and inhalable dust. A total of 117 personal samples were taken for workers in 19 bakeries, 2 mills, and a flour improver production and packing facility and were analyzed using a monoclonal based immunoassay. Occupational hygiene surveys were undertaken for each site to assign job description and identify individuals who worked directly with flour improvers. Analysis of exposure data identified that mixers and weighers from large bakeries had the highest exposures to both inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase among the different categories of bakery workers (p<.01). Currently, the maximum exposure limit for flour dust in the United Kingdom is 10 mg/m(3) (8-hour time-weighted average reference period). In this study 25% of the total dust results for bakers exceeded 10 mg/m(3), and interestingly, 63% of the individuals with exposure levels exceeding 10 mg/m(3) were weighers and mixers. Individuals who worked directly with flour improvers were exposed to higher levels of both inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase (p<.01) than those who were not directly handling these products. Before sensitive immunoassays were utilized for the detection of specific inhalable allergens, gravimetric analysis was often used as a surrogate. There was a weak relationship between inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase exposures; however, inhalable dust levels could not be used to predict amylase exposures, which highlights the importance of measuring both inhalable dust and fungal alpha-amylase exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"467-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22523103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface germicidal effects of ozone for microorganisms.","authors":"Chihshan Li, Yu-Chun Wang","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984851","url":null,"abstract":"In this study the influences of microorganism species, relative humidity, and ozone dosage on ozone surface disinfection were evaluated. Bacterial and fungal cultures were spread on agar plates and exposed to ozone. The selected microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida famata, and Penicillium citrinum. Results showed that microorganism survival fraction and ozone dosage (ozone concentration times exposure time) have an exponential relationship. Results also indicated that E. coli was the most sensitive organism to ozone exposure. E. coli required only very low ozone doses of 2-2.5 and 3.5-4 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation, respectively. In addition, P. citrinum was more resistant than E. coli and required ozone doses of 40-60 and 60-120 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation. In addition, spores of B. subtilis were observed to be the most resistant organism, requiring ozone doses of 40-75 and 145-150 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation. Yeast was less resistant than P. citrinum and B. subtilis, requiring ozone doses of 10 and 15-19 mg to obtain 50 and 80% inactivation. It was clearly indicated that the ozone dose differences for 80% microorganism inactivation could be as high as 40 times between B. subtilis and E. coli. Ozone surface germicidal efficiency increased as relative humidity increased, which could be related to more radicals generated from ozone reaction with more water vapor at higher relative humidity. It was concluded that ozone should be highly effective and provide a reliable safety factor in treating contaminated surface. In addition, workers might need to wear suitable respiratory protection at high ozone level operation.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"09 1","pages":"533-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87287892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ELPAT program report: background and current status.","authors":"Fred I Grunder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 4","pages":"541-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22539516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}