{"title":"Historiography of Charles H. Wesley as Reflected through the Journal of Negro History, 1915-1969","authors":"M. S. Miller","doi":"10.2307/2668535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668535","url":null,"abstract":"CHARLES H. WESLEY. \"The Struggle of Haiti & Liberia for Recognition,\" Vol. II, no. 4, October, 1917, 369-383. -----. \"Lincoln's Plan for Colonizing the Emancipated Negroes,\" Vol. IV, no. 1, January, 1919, 7-21. -----. \"The Employment of Negroes as Soldiers in the Confederate Army,\" Vol. IV, no. 3 July, 1919, 239-253. -----. \"Remy Ollier, A Mauritian Journalist and Patriot,\" Vol. VI, no. 1, January, 1921, 54-59. -----. \"The Negro in the West Indies,\" Vol. XVII, no. 1, January, 1932, 51-66. -----. \"The Neglected Period of Emancipation in Great Britain, 1807-1823,\" Vol. XVII, no. 2, January, 1932, 156-178. -----. \"The Emancipation of the Free Colored Population in the British Empire,\" Vol. XIX, no. 2, April, 1934, 137-170. -----. \"The Reconstruction of History,\" Vol. XX, no. 4, October, 1935, 411-427. -----. \"The Religious Attitudes of Negro Youth - A Preliminary Study of Opinion in an Urban and Rural Community,\" Vol. XXI, no. 4, October, 1936, 376-393. -----. Document, \"Abou Bekir Sadiki, Alias Edward Doulais,\" Vol. XXI, Jan.-Oct. 1936, 52-55. -----. \"The Negroes of New York in the Emancipation Movement,\" Vol. XXIV, no. 1, January, 1939, 65-103. -----. \"The Concept of Negro Inferiority In American Thought - An Address,\" Vol. XXI, no. 3, July, 1940, 540-560. -----. \"Manifests of Slave Shipments Along Waterways, 1800-1864, Vol. XXVII, no. 2, April, 1942, 155-176. -----. \"The Participation of Negroes in Anti-Slavery Political Parties,\" Vol. XXIX, no. 1, January 1944, 33-74. -----. \"Negro Suffrage in the Period of Constitution-Making, 17871865,\" Vol. XXXII, no. 2, April, 1947, 143-168. -----. \"Carter G. Woodson - As a Scholar,\" Vol. XXXVI, no. 1, January, 1951, 12-24. -----. \"Racial Historical Societies and the American Heritage,\" Vol. XXXVII, no. 1, 1952, 11-35. -----. \"The Dilemma of the Rights of Man,\" Vol. XXXVIII, no. 1, January, 1953, 10-26. -----. \"The Civil War and the Negro American,\" Vol. XLVII, no. 2, April, 1962, 77-96. -----. \"Creating and Maintaining an Historical Tradition,\" Vol. XLIX, no. 1, January, 1964, 13-33. -----. \"W.E.B. Du Bois - The Historian,\" Vol. L, no. 3, July 1965, 147-162. If, indeed, we believe that historiography represents the history, the writing of history and its interpretation, then, the fifty years of written commitment by Charles H. Wesley in The Journal of Negro History between 1917 and 1965 is perhaps one of the finest examples of devotion to the science and art ever witnessed in the annals of American historiography; particularly, when juxtaposed against this scholar's many other pursuits and endeavors as university President, minister, community activist, fraternal member, and not to mention, race straggles during the 20th Century. However, the black American historiographer finds himself put upon with the burden of race at almost every turn, all too often accused of being single issue oriented and concerned with only race related topics, and, of course, the logical consequence of such thinking that the schol","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"120 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68733918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In Memoriam: Charles Harris Wesley","authors":"J. Harris","doi":"10.1086/jnhv83n2p155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/jnhv83n2p155","url":null,"abstract":"Outstanding historian, noted scholar, distinguished educator, counselor, ordained minister, pianist, athlete, singer, poet, actor are descriptives which portray the life of Charles Harris Wesley. Dr. Wesley received his early education in Louisville, Kentucky's public schools. He continued at the Preparatory School of Fisk University, and then graduated from the University as an exceptional student with an unusual talent in music. He developed an excellent baritone voice, which led him to sing with tenor Roland Hayes and the Fisk Jubilee Singers. He performed in several operas and musical comedies. Wesley was a star debater and a quarterback on the Fisk football team who also gave a major speech to his graduating class. His excellent college record qualified him for induction into Phi Beta Kappa retroactively, when Fisk was granted a charter from Phi Beta Kappa. The school selected all those persons who graduated with honors as inductees. Wesley received the Bachelor of Arts degree from Fisk University in 1911, at the age of 19. He received a Master of Arts degree in history and economics from the graduate school at Yale University in 1913. Immediately following graduation, Wesley began a teaching career at Howard University, with an initial appointment as instructor in History and Languages. He later advanced to the ranks of Professor and Head of the Department of History. He also served as Director of the Summer School, Dean of the College of Liberal Arts, and Dean of the Graduate School. Wesley married Louise Johnson in 1915 and to this union two daughters, Louise and Charlotte, were born. His daughter, Louise, an opera singer, passed on April 29, 1950. Charlotte became an outstanding concert pianist. In 1925, Wesley received the Ph.D. degree in History from Harvard University, becoming the fourth African-American to do so in the field of history. For more than seventy-three years he would chronicle the African-American experience in Africa and America. Dr. Wesley was ordained an African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) minister in the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C. He was awarded the Doctor in Divinity degree in 1928 by Wilberforce University. For nearly ten years, Dr. Wesley pastored the Ebenezer and Campbell A.M.E. churches in Washington, D.C. In the A.M.E. Church, officials bestowed upon him the title of Presiding Elder. In this position, he set a record of overseeing approximately 25 local churches for a period of ten years. He also served as Director of Music, church leader, Assistant to the Bishop and Church Historian. He was once a finalist for the position of Bishop in the A.M.E. church. Eight universities sought Wesley's leadership for their presidency; he became the president of two. He was sought, in 1920, for the presidency of Edward Waters College, in Florida, at the age of 29. In 1926, he was a finalist for the presidency of Howard University. In 1937, he requested that he not be considered for t","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"155 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/jnhv83n2p155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60083421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Selected Words of Wisdom of Charles Harris Wesley","authors":"J. Harris","doi":"10.2307/2668538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668538","url":null,"abstract":"During a fifty-three year span, 1920-1973, Charles Harris Wesley was one of the most highly revered and respected speakers of our time. His background in education, history, labor, and religion provided him with a world-view of African-American life and culture, which placed him in demand throughout the country. Wesley wrote many of his speeches in long hand and often delivered them from his draft. His compositions were vibrant and alive and possessed the hallmark of scholarship and literary merit. His delivery was inspirational and the verbal picture that he painted gave hope to many, for his words showed his convictions and how sincerely he cared about his people. Wesley's speeches often reflected a message, usually providing a systematical glimpse of our heritage and what we as African-Americans needed to do in order to better our lives. He believed in peaceful solutions and dedicated his life in forging the use of facts and truths in preserving African American heritage and culture. Wesley was an intellect with tremendous courage. He was outspoken and a shaper of opinion during the 1930s and 1940s. A large number of his speeches were indicative of the status of African-Americans at the time and some were reflections of his activism and protest days in Washington. This intellectual leader, scholar, and orator tested the discriminatory practices at the U.S. House of Representative restaurant in 1934 when he and other Howard University faculty were refused. In addition, Wesley was further involved in the 1963 March on Washington with the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, calling for \"Jobs and Freedom Now.\" Wesley was one of the few college presidents (Central State College) who opened his college to the students who were victims of school desegregation in 1954 at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas and in 1960 to the sit-in students from Southern University in Louisiana. Wesley often quipped that some of his colleagues thought that he spoke out on too many sensitive issues. However, he felt that people needed to hear the truth and leaders should stand tough and remain vigilant. Wesley's words of wisdom and great expressions have been collected from his speeches, letters and essays which depict his spirit, the force of his thoughts and beliefs in the areas of history, teaching and the struggle for black identity. He believed that we hold the power in our hands; we should not abuse it, but use it to the improvement of our people and education. In a nation composed of various ethnic groups and in cities where major population groups are in contact, it was inevitable that there would be writers who would neglect or ignore or be misinformed about the contributions to American life of other groups than their own, especially when these groups are regarded as unimportant to the mainstream of history. As we face the future, there are two major needs which are challenges in the continued creation of self-esteem, self-respect, and self reliance. One con","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"150 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68733810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Woodson and Wesley: A Partnership in Building the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History","authors":"J. Harris","doi":"10.2307/2668534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668534","url":null,"abstract":"Charles Harris Wesley stated in his work, Neglected History: Essays in Negro-American History By A College President, that: The movement to organize an historical society for the study of the history of the Negro people had several beginnings, including the Civil War period and its aftermath. At the National Equal Rights Convention on December 8, 1873, a resolution was adopted stating this period seemed to be 'a proper time to create a national historical and statistical association, for the purpose herein set forth, having its membership throughout each state, wherein may be gathered all such facts, historical and statistical, in relation to the Negro race in America, for the reference of all who desire to know the true history of what our life-long opponents have conceded to be the most remarkable race measured by their surroundings and advantages our country has produced.'(1) Toward the end of the nineteenth century, several Negro historical societies were established: the American Negro Historical Society, organized in 1892 in Philadelphia; the Negro Society for Historical Research, founded by John E. Bruce and Arthur A. Schomburg in Yonkers, New York; and the American Negro Academy, founded in 1897 in Washington, D.C. These three organizations collected and published historical data pertaining to African-Americans. The organizations mentioned above tended to be regional in their outlook and received little national acclaim. However, the American Negro Academy received somewhat greater publicity because of the prominent authors that were among its membership: William E.B. Du Bois, Kelly Miller, Alexander Crummell, Jesse E. Moorland, Archibald H. Grimke and William Scarborough.(2) The degree of support from the black community, however, was not enough to sustain membership in these organizations. It was the pioneering endeavors of Carter Godwin Woodson in 1915 to establish the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History [hereafter referred to as the Association], which brought wider national attention to the life and history of black Americans. This was a task many others had unsuccessfully attempted to accomplish. The name of the organization was changed to the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History by a majority vote of the membership at the 53rd annual meeting in New York, October 3-6, 1968.(3) Subsequently, the president, Dr. J. Rupert Picott began using Afro-American Life and History in 1972 as a way of appeasing the dissenting factions. This essay will use the original name, established by Carter G. Woodson. With hard work, optimism, and enthusiasm, Carter Woodson shaped and led the Association into becoming one of the foremost authorities on the life and history of African-Americans. Woodson possessed certain personality traits, which were pertinent to the type of leadership needed to move the Association forward. He worked long, arduous hours to lay the foundation for a successful organization, and he wa","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"109 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68733561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Afro-Americans and Moral Suasion: The Debate in the 1830's","authors":"T. Adeleke","doi":"10.2307/2668536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668536","url":null,"abstract":"Moral suasion, and the abolitionist movement which inspired and propelled it for about the decade between 1830-1840, have traditionally been conceived as offshoots of the activities of white abolitionists, particularly William Lloyd Garrison and his New England Anti-Slavery Society. Blacks, according to this view, derived their abolitionist impetus and ethos from whites. Not surprisingly, black abolitionists rejected this paternalistic explanation, and claimed credit for inaugurating the anti-slavery crusade. White abolitionists, including Garrison, blacks countered, began their careers as colonizationists (deemed pro-slavery), and only became abolitionists and anti-slavery after they had come under the influence of blacks. This contention is perhaps, most forcefully defended by Martin Delany.(1) Unfortunately, there is a dearth of specialized study of moral suasion, despite the tremendous interest that abolitionism generated and continues to generate among scholars. Reflecting the pervasive character of paternalism, existing studies, with notable exceptions, portray moral suasion as the creation of white abolitionists, best exemplified by the Garrisonians.(2) Though moral suasion as a well defined abolitionist ideology is identified with Garrison, its historical root as a reform strategy is much deeper, going as far back as to the tradition of the Quakers, and among African-Americans to the self-help and cooperative activities of free blacks in New York and Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century. These two abolitionists (i.e., the Quakers and free blacks), espoused and advanced values that would later surface in Garrisonian ideology. The official adoption of moral suasion by the Garrisonians occurred in 1832 with the launching of the New England Anti-Slavery Society. This was followed in 1833 with the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia by a group of between fifty to sixty abolitionists from about ten states. Their strategy, as Gerald Sorin shows, entailed the pursuit of abolition through non-violence. They pledged to work for \"the destruction of error by the potency of truth . . . the overthrow of prejudice by the power of love . . . the abolition of slavery by the spirit of repentance.\"(3) These events happened after the First National Negro Convention in Philadelphia in 1831, at which blacks acknowledged their problems and shortcomings, and expressed faith in the redemptive power of moral suasion by pledging to work strenuously to \"encourage simplicity, neatness, temperance and economy in our habits\" in order to disprove preconceived notions and prejudices.(4) Subsequent conventions amplified tiffs moral suasionist ethics, climaxing with the formation of the American Moral Reform Society in 1835. Change was deemed the result, not of violence, or some other forms of radical political activities, but of the pursuit and realization of the ideals of moral suasion. Pro-slavery advocates and racial conservatives justified ","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"127 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68734017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recollections of Carter G. Woodson","authors":"C. Wesley","doi":"10.2307/2668537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668537","url":null,"abstract":"Charles Harris Wesley (1891-1987), a scholar, philosopher, educator, and ordained minister, is characterized as an intellectual and advocate for equality and racial har- mony. One of the preeminent interpreters of the history of social organizations and la- bor movements, he is regarded as an historical preservationist of Afro-American studies. The theme of this address is Woodson's pioneering work as an historian, focusing on how he set his goals and energies toward developing an institution for the produc- tion and perpetuation of his writings on the history of Black America. It also details his relationship with other scholars in his quest to maintain the monopoly on black history. Woodson devoted his life to the preservation and advancement of the race. However, with this strength and dedication came almost a closing out of others who set course in the same direction.","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"143 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68734134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The University of Missouri-Columbia is proud to announce: The Arvarh E. Strickland Distinguished Professorship in African-American History and Culture","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2668562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668562","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"100 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68734643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In Memoriam, 1996: Catherine Allen Taylor McConnell","authors":"Catherine Taylor, Mcconnell","doi":"10.1086/jnhv83n1p108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/jnhv83n1p108","url":null,"abstract":"The home-going service for Catherine Allen Taylor McConnell was held Tuesday, May 21, 1996, at the Trinity Presbyterian Church in Baltimore. Mrs. McConnell, led a rich life filled with commitment and service to numerous organizations, including Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History and the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society. It had been said that \"[She] was studious and scholarly. Catherine not only researched and presented papers at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History and the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society, but has collaborated with her husband and sister on several publications.\" Mrs. McConnell and her husband, Roland, former ASALH Executive Council member, served as guest editors for the special issue African Americans in the Military (volume 12) of the Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society. Catherine McConnell is survived by her husband, Roland; her children, Catherine Marie and Charles Preston Howard, III; her mother, Amanda Felicia Allen Taylor; three sisters, Joan Taylor Clement of Washington, DC, Dorothy Taylor of Asheville, NC, and Elsie Taylor Goins of Columbia, SC; one brother, John B. Taylor, III of Silver Spring, MD, as well as numerous other family members and friends. Mrs. McConnell will be greatly missed by those who knew her personally and those who experienced her presence during her many years as an educator and administrator in the Maryland Public School System.","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"83 1","pages":"108 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/jnhv83n1p108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60083386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Next Steps: Charles S. Johnson and Southern Liberalism","authors":"Matthew W. Dunne","doi":"10.2307/2668553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2668553","url":null,"abstract":"Charles Spurgeon Johnson would never forget a childhood affront. Born on July 24, 1893, he grew up in Bristol, Virginia, on the Tennessee border, the son of a well-educated and well-respected Baptist minister and a mother who supplemented her public school education with \"an uncommon amount of intelligence and social grace.\" Johnson remembered his parents as knowing \"all of the Negroes and most of the white families that had any standing at all,\" and as living \"on terms ranging from tolerant indifference to restrained cordiality with all of them.\" He remembered Saturday afternoon shopping excursions with his mother, afternoons completed with a visit to the town's drugstore soda fountain and a trolley car ride home. Bristol was no idyllic racial oasis - racial distinctions manifested themselves in the small concentration of black businesses near the red light district and in the racial seclusion of poorer blacks, and Bristol played host to its own mob-instigated lynching, a \"drunken spree\" the town \"consciously tried for a generation afterwards to live down.\" Nevertheless, lines of communication between blacks and whites were open and well used. When the local paper carried \"a furtive note\" about new race legislation, the import seemed distant until the clerk at the drugstore, always friendly and overly generous with his servings of ice cream, nervously busied himself when Charles and his mother arrived one Saturday afternoon and ignored them until the owner appeared, expressed his \"respect for the family\" and for Charles's \"father's profession and character,\" but alerted them that \"something had happened, it seemed, and that he could not serve us any more at the counter.\" The conductor on the trolley car, too, underwent a sudden change of attitude and behavior. Friendly assistance was replaced by a \"strange grimness and determination\" as he directed blacks to a special corner of the car. \"These friendly old men were now the agents of a new and obnoxious policy.\" For Charles Johnson and other local blacks, \"it was the beginning of a new self-consciousness that burned.\"(1) Charles S. Johnson had found his cause. As a sociologist, teacher, writer, researcher, editor, college president, commission member, foundation advisor, and full-time reformer, Charles Johnson dedicated himself to adjusting America's attitudes toward its black citizens and to improving the condition of race relations in the country and especially in the South. His father was a preacher but Charles Johnson, himself, had little of the charisma so often associated with southern preachers. He led no mass movement. He shunned controversy. His name was far more likely to appear in a byline than in a headline. But Johnson's role as a powerful black leader, as one of those giants upon whose shoulders Martin Luther King, Jr., and the other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement stood, is no less substantial for its lack of publicity. For thirty years he served as the consummate race diploma","PeriodicalId":83125,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Negro history","volume":"66 1","pages":"1 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2668553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68734498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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