Boris Nemzer, Fadwa Al-Taher, Nebiyu Abshiru, Elvira de Mejia
{"title":"Coffee and Coffee By-Products as Multifunctional Foods and Ingredients.","authors":"Boris Nemzer, Fadwa Al-Taher, Nebiyu Abshiru, Elvira de Mejia","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-114847","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-114847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coffee contains various bioactive compounds with potential benefits for human health. Coffee has been shown to, and may, display neuroprotective properties, potentially preventing the onset of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Coffee by-products (pulp/husks, silverskin, and spent coffee grounds) exhibit similar phytochemistry and health benefits to coffee. They are also rich in dietary fiber, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, and caffeine, which vary depending on the beverage processing, roasting, and preparation methods. Coffee and coffee industry by-products are sources of unique functional ingredients that affect gut microbiota. This review aims to summarize the phytochemical and nutritional composition of whole coffee cherries, coffee beans, and coffee by-products as well as their bioavailability, bioactivity, and multifunctionality in supporting human wellness, neuroprotection, and metabolic health. The bioactive compounds of coffee and its by-products suggest their unique applicability as functional food beverages, dietary ingredients, and health supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"133-154"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145767144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javiera Vásquez-Dean, Andrés Canales, Camila A Orellana, Daniel Garrido
{"title":"<i>Bifidobacterium</i> as Keystone Species Driving Microbial Interactions in the Infant Digestive Tract.","authors":"Javiera Vásquez-Dean, Andrés Canales, Camila A Orellana, Daniel Garrido","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-065321","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-065321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bifidobacterium</i> plays a keystone role in the ecological assembly of the infant-gut microbiome and in shaping host immune and metabolic development. These anaerobic bacteria possess specialized transporters and glycosyl hydrolases that enable the degradation of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), driving early microbial succession through coexistence, competition, and priority effects. Their fermentation products, mainly acetate and lactate, acidify the gut environment, inhibit pathogens, and sustain cross-feeding with butyrate-producing microbes, whereas aromatic lactic acids contribute to immune modulation. Ecological and clinical evidence indicates that loss of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> perturbs community structure and increases disease risk. Understanding these interactions has guided the design of HMO-based and synbiotic strategies that aim to restore healthy colonization patterns. Ongoing efforts now integrate ecological, metabolic, and computational approaches to better predict and replicate the health-promoting functions of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> throughout life.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"255-285"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional Properties of Enzymatic Food Protein Hydrolysates.","authors":"Deepak Kadam, Rotimi E Aluko","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-053124-013151","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-053124-013151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enzymatic food protein hydrolysates (FPHs) have emerged as innovative ingredients in food science, offering enhanced functional and bioactive properties. This review provides a critical overview of FPHs, beginning with their background and significance, followed by an exploration of enzymatic hydrolysis mechanisms, key influencing factors, and comparisons with alternative methods. Various protein sources, including animal-based, plant-based, and emerging alternatives such as insects and algae, are examined for their potential in hydrolysate production. Functional properties such as solubility, emulsifying, foaming, gelation, and antioxidant capacities in food systems are highlighted, alongside challenges in process optimization, bitterness mitigation, and regulatory hurdles. The use of precision fermentation is discussed as a promising tool for producing new peptides with structure, functionality, and sensory attributes that could accelerate innovation in the field. By addressing these opportunities and challenges, this review outlines the future potential of FPHs in sustainable food systems and functional food applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"505-540"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable Processing in Food Manufacturing.","authors":"Remko M Boom","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052824-040848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-052824-040848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review focuses on the technical side of sustainable food processing: the efficiency of the conversion of raw materials into foods that are offered to consumers. Both incremental and stepwise technological developments take place at the same time. Unit operations continue to gradually become more efficient, and system assessment tools such as pinch technology help to optimize processing systems. Use of nonthermal, electrically driven processes reduces degradation of food components and enables more complete use of raw materials. Mild processing methods such as dry fractionation and hybrid dry-wet separations enable better quality of all the components that are isolated from a raw material. Full transition to mild refining and functionality-oriented product formulation dramatically reduces the environmental impact of the complete production chain but requires a process system redesign. The use of biotechnology to produce food ingredients using cell factories is an exciting development that could revolutionize the way we produce foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"397-415"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protein-Rich Soft Foods for the Elderly with Swallowing Difficulties: Advances in Formulation, Characteristics, and Digestibility.","authors":"Yuxin Qin, Christopher Pillidge, Bernie Harrison, Xiao Dong Chen, Benu Adhikari","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-050010","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-050010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary requirements for older adults differ from those of younger individuals. A higher proportion of older adults experience swallowing difficulties and/or live in institutional care, further influencing the design of suitable food products. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for protein-rich soft foods for the elderly. These foods should be nutritious, support safe swallowing, promote ease of digestion, and possess high sensory appeal. This review provides a comprehensive overview of protein functionality, gelation mechanisms, and structure-texture relationships in protein-rich soft-food products for older adults. Advances in gelation, cross-linking, and protein-hydrocolloid interactions are discussed in relation to their effects on food texture and digestibility. Standardized methods for characterizing soft foods, including rheology, stability, and sensory attributes, are also outlined. The review also highlights recent developments in in vitro digestion models that simulate elderly gastrointestinal conditions, with an emphasis on gastric-emptying rate and amino acid release kinetics. It also underscores the need for physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo digestion studies to guide the development of protein-rich soft foods that effectively support nutrient delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"209-232"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145628094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nutrition and Mental Health: Advances in Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience.","authors":"Jisheng Wu, Aron K Barbey","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052824-043906","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-052824-043906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accumulating evidence indicates that diet and nutrition are important modifiable risk factors for the prevention and treatment of mental health disorders. However, the neural mechanisms underlying nutrition's effects on mental health remain to be well established. The interdisciplinary field of nutritional cognitive neuroscience integrates methods across the nutritional, cognitive, and brain sciences to understand nutrition's impact on brain health across the lifespan, with recent applications to the study of mood and anxiety-related disorders. In this focused review, we begin by investigating the neural mechanisms underlying mood and anxiety-related disorders, surveying evidence of alterations within specific structural and functional networks. We then review emerging evidence to suggest that the structure and function of these networks are influenced by specific nutrients that may confer beneficial effects, including B-vitamins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and carotenoids. In this effort, we highlight plausible biological pathways through which diet may influence mood and anxiety-related disorders. We conclude by presenting directions for future research, emphasizing the need for dietary interventions that incorporate contemporary methods from cognitive neuroscience and nutritional epidemiology to promote brain health and reduce the risk of mental illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pei Wu, Wei-Dan Jiang, Yao-Bin Ma, Hong-Yun Zhang, Yang Liu, Xiao-Qiu Zhou, Lin Feng
{"title":"Aquaculture for Sustainable Human Dietary Protein.","authors":"Pei Wu, Wei-Dan Jiang, Yao-Bin Ma, Hong-Yun Zhang, Yang Liu, Xiao-Qiu Zhou, Lin Feng","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-053124-090353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-053124-090353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and algae, continues to be one of the most viable methods to feed the growing world population. Currently, aquatic animals, mainly fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, account for 72% of aquaculture, 89% of which is used for human consumption, providing 7.7% of the total animal protein ingested by humans. Aquatic animal protein not only is rich in essential amino acids but also has high digestibility. Moreover, aquaculture is an efficient and sustainable way of producing animal protein, partially due to the higher feed efficiency of aquatic animals, lower energy consumption, and fewer environmental impacts. The speed of aquaculture development is highly dependent on the aquafeeds. Accordingly, many dietary and environmental factors could affect the aquatic animal protein deposition and essential amino acid composition. Sustainable aquaculture also faces many challenges, such as environmental, climate, and resource factors, which are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"439-458"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lina Sheng, Song Gao, Yang Yang, Honglin Yan, Wancheng Ma, Xiulan Sun
{"title":"Synthetic Biology Approaches in Reducing Mycotoxin Contamination and Enhancing Food System Sustainability.","authors":"Lina Sheng, Song Gao, Yang Yang, Honglin Yan, Wancheng Ma, Xiulan Sun","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-053124-084835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-053124-084835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extreme climate events are escalating mycotoxin contamination-toxic secondary metabolites from filamentous fungi-posing severe threats to human/animal health and causing significant global food losses. Synthetic biology offers transformative solutions for mycotoxin mitigation and sustainable utilization of food and by-products from food processing. Key advances in mycotoxin control integrate artificial intelligence and multi-omics to develop recognition elements, antimicrobial agents, and degrading enzymes, which enable rapid detection and effective control of both mycotoxin-producing fungi and mycotoxins. Sustainability applications span three domains: by-product valorization via engineered microbial upcycling, new edible materials (e.g., fungal proteins), and enhancement of crop yield and disease resistance, highlighting emerging technologies like CRISPR-based multiplex editing and microbial cell factories. Collectively, this work underscores synthetic biology's critical role in mycotoxin degradation and value-added conversion of food and its by-products, driving progress toward food security and circular bioeconomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"379-396"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147760432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microplastics in the Food System: Should We Worry?","authors":"Febbyandi Isnanda Pandiangan, Lili He","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-062314","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-052924-062314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MP) are increasingly recognized as contaminants of concern in the food system due to their widespread presence and potential health risks. This review investigated food contact surfaces and aquacultural and agricultural foods as the primary sources of human ingestion exposure to MP and estimated their prevalence and exposure using both particle count and mass-based approaches. Additionally, the review identified the types of foods most susceptible to MP contamination and high-risk polymers and specific usage conditions that promote MP migration. Evidence of MP infiltration and accumulation in human tissues, including the brain, blood, placenta, liver, kidney, and heart, and their potential risks of adverse health effects are discussed. Perspectives on challenges are discussed, including innovations in analytics and materials, risk assessment on long-term implications, and the establishment of regulatory frameworks for mitigations. The ubiquity and unclear chronic toxicity of MP in foods and human bodies urge further research and coordinated actions to address this public health concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"541-567"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145767185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Kate Walsh, Anissa M Armet, Daria D Nikolaeva, João F Mota, Alice J Lucey, Manon Oliero, Jens Walter
{"title":"Optimizing Dietary Fiber Intake: Strategies for Human Nutrition and Food Science.","authors":"Sarah Kate Walsh, Anissa M Armet, Daria D Nikolaeva, João F Mota, Alice J Lucey, Manon Oliero, Jens Walter","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-052824-044842","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-food-052824-044842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adequate dietary fiber intake from plant foods is critical for the prevention of noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). However, across industrialized nations, consumption remains insufficient to meet established intake recommendations. This gap provides a strong rationale to include functional fibers in processed foods or use them as supplements, although their effectiveness in reducing NCD risk is inconclusive. In this review, we examine current nutritional strategies to optimize fiber intake, spanning whole-plant foods, processed foods made or enriched with fiber-containing ingredients, and fiber supplements. We examine the structure and physicochemical properties of the fiber types represented in these strategies and explore the mechanisms by which they influence the gut microbiome and NCD risk markers. Drawing on evidence from human intervention studies, we critically assess the strengths and limitations of each strategy to improve health outcomes and propose a framework for the effective and systematic integration of fiber into nutrition and food science.</p>","PeriodicalId":8187,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of food science and technology","volume":" ","pages":"25-50"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}