Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics最新文献

{"title":"[The scientific expert in the example of regional fishery management councils: a multi-faceted player in the decision-making process].","authors":"Sophie Gambardella","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The management and conservation of fish stocks require precise scientific knowledge, especially on the state of said stocks and their capacity for renewal. For instance, the setting of fishing \"quotas\", which consists in the determination of the quantity of fish that can be taken in a given period, cannot be done at random since these allocations represent environmental and economic stakes. Thus, decision makers logically call upon experts to adopt informed decisions. Consequently, various regional fisheries Commissions created Scientific Committees, which were associated to their work to have available knowledge on a permanent basis. And yet, the institutionalisation of scientific expertise within regional fisheries Commissions led the expert to go beyond its traditional role of knowledge provider. Facing his usual context of scientific uncertainty, the expert has indeed acquired other responsibilities. Through this \"micro-legal\" study--in the sense that it results from an empirical analysis of the Mediterranean context--we will try to highlight the different functions of the expert associated with the decision process in the field of the management and protection of Mediterranean fish stocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"25 1","pages":"91-104, 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32544284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Do androids need a legal status?].","authors":"Xavier Bioy","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The existence of the subject of law is not an automatic allocation when the will and the autonomy are awarded, but a tool conferred by the legal system in order to protect the humanity (based on the presupposition of a consciousness that the human being remains to be the only one to have and to suppose at the others). He cannot involve thus of reducing the question of the status of the android to the simple recognition of an intelligence, besides artificial, but of denying the reasoning by analogy any real impact for the existence of a legal status. If specific status there would be, it will be only because the human being will have decided on it for his own legally protected interest. The status of the android will be metonymical, by inclusion in that of the human person, or will not be.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"85-98, 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethica ex machina: issues in roboethics.","authors":"Shigeru Mushiaki","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Is \"roboethics\" the \"ethics of humans\" or the \"ethics of robots\"? According to the Roboethics Roadmap (Gianmarco Veruggio), it is the human ethics of robot designers, manufacturers, and users. And ifroboethics roots deeply in society, artificial ethics (ethics of robots) might be put on the agenda some day. At the 1st International Symposium on Roboethics in San Remo, Ronald C. Arkin gave the presentation \"Bombs, Bonding, and Bondage: Human-Robot Interaction and Related Ethical Issues\" (2004). \"Bondage\" is the issue of enslavement and possible rebellion of robots. \"Bombs\" is the issue of military use of robots. And \"bonding\" is the issue of affective, emotional attachment of humans to robots. I contrast two extreme attitudes towards the issue of \"bonding\" and propose a middle ground. \"Anthropomorphism\" has two meanings. First, it means \"human-shaped-ness.\" Second, it means \"attribution of human characteristics or feelings to a nonhuman being (god, animal, or object)\" (personification, empathy). Some say that Japanese (or East Asians) hold \"animism,\" which makes it easy for them to treat robots like animated beings (to anthropomorphize robots); hence \"Robot Kingdom Japan.\" Cosima Wagner criticizes such exaggeration and oversimplification as \"invented tradition\". I reinforce her argument with neuroscientific findings and argue that such \"animism\" is neither Shintoistic nor Buddhistic, but a universal tendency. Roboticists, especially Japanese roboticists emphasize that robotics is \"anthropology.\" It is true that through the construction of humanoid robots we can better understand human beings (so-called \"constructive approach\"). But at the same time, we must not forget that robotic technology, like any other technology, changes our way of living and being--deeply: it can bring about our ontological transformation. In this sense, the governance of robotic technology is \"governed governance.\" The interdisciplinary research area of technology assessment studies (TAS) will gain much importance. And we should always be ready to rethink the direction of the research and development of robotic technology, bearing the desirable future of human society in mind.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"17-26, 176-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Technology and notion of human life].","authors":"Yoshimi Kakimoto","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article aims to examine the rules of robotics whose sense is modified in society and which change the notion of human body. Asimov proposed three rules of robotics in his novel of science fiction, which become the basis of the rules concerning the study of the development of robotics. These rules are created in order to avoid harming human beings and to mitigate the variant difficulties of being human being. As for latter, robotics has functioned as a meaning of extension of the physical faculty. Thus, technology develops in the direction of the enhancement of the capability of human body beyond the necessities of life. Robotics doesn't only suggest a rethinking of the notion of a human being but also changes our understanding of the human body.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"27-38, 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hearing the implant debate: therapy or cultural alienation?","authors":"Bernard Baertschi","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cochlear implants are devices that allow deaf people to hear. Consequently, implanting them in children seems to be a very beneficent intervention. However, some deaf parents have opposed it in the name of the preservation of their culture. For them, deafness is a rich culture with its own language (signing), and implanting their children will prevent them from being members of their parents' culture. For the same reason, other deaf parents have asked for PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnoses) and embryo selection in order to have deaf children. Several arguments can be given in favour of the attitude and of the requests of deaf parents; nevertheless, I conclude that, ultimately, they cannot be morally supported because deafness is a true handicap in our civilization of information.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"71-81, 181-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Robots and intellectual property].","authors":"Jacques Larrieu","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This topic is part of the global issue concerning the necessity to adapt intellectual property law to constant changes in technology. The relationship between robots and IP is dual. On one hand, the robots may be regarded as objects of intellectual property. A robot, like any new machine, could qualify for a protection by a patent. A copyright may protect its appearance if it is original. Its memory, like a database, could be covered by a sui generis right. On the other hand, the question of the protection of the outputs of the robot must be raised. The robots, as the physical embodiment of artificial intelligence, are becoming more and more autonomous. Robot-generated works include less and less human inputs. Are these objects created or invented by a robot copyrightable or patentable? To whom the ownership of these IP rights will be allocated? To the person who manufactured the machine ? To the user of the robot? To the robot itself? All these questions are worth discussing.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"125-33, 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How nonverbal communication shapes the doctor-patient relationship: from paternalism to the ethics of care in oncology.","authors":"C Bommier,&nbsp;M F Mamzer,&nbsp;D Desmarchelier,&nbsp;C Hervé","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this research, led in the wake of years of pressure to reject paternalism, was to study whether controlled practice of nonverbal communication by doctors inheres a continued risk of paternalistic attitudes in oncology clinic interviews (chosen to illustrate the doctor-patient relationship). This study involved qualitative descriptive research based on interview observations and questionnaires and mobilized recognized theory borrowed from sociology and anthropology. We found that the legislative framework governing the doctor-patient relationship has simply shifted the paternalism issue from verbal communication over to a new area that doctors have not yet mastered and patients have not yet understood, i.e., nonverbal communication. This study shows that all the laws framing the doctor-patient relationship can be circumvented, and that by controlling nonverbal communication, the doctor can fall back into paternalism. The rejection of paternalism therefore needs to lead to an appropriate reading of the patient's story, which in ethical terms can only happen if hospital structures are made non-paternalizing by design, if doctors learn to understand the patient's different chronemic timeframe, and if doctors committedly engage in the Hippocratic Oath codified through the ethics of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"137-58, 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3917/jib.243.0135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain, mind, body and society: autonomous system in robotics.","authors":"Motomu Shimoda","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper I examine the issues related to the robot with mind. To create a robot with mind aims to recreate neuro function by engineering. The robot with mind is expected not only to process external information by the built-in program and behave accordingly, but also to gain the consciousness activity responding multiple conditions and flexible and interactive communication skills coping with unknown situation. That prospect is based on the development of artificial intelligence in which self-organizing and self-emergent functions have been available in recent years. To date, controllable aspects in robotics have been restricted to data making and programming of cognitive abilities, while consciousness activities and communication skills have been regarded as uncontrollable aspects due to their contingency and uncertainty. However, some researchers of robotics claim that every activity of the mind can be recreated by engineering and is therefore controllable. Based on the development of the cognitive abilities of children and the findings of neuroscience, researchers have attempted to produce the latest artificial intelligence with autonomous learning systems. I conclude that controllability is inconsistent with autonomy in the genuine sense and autonomous robots recreated by engineering cannot be autonomous partners of humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"41-8, 178-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotics supporting autonomy. 5th French Japanese Conference on Bio-ethics.","authors":"Rodolphe Gelin","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this paper is to propose a new vision on robots. Generally seen as a threat against humanity or at least against employment, we will demonstrate that this new kind of machine can be a support not only for people in loss of autonomy but even for everyone. They will not replace people, they will assist them. The mass production of these companion robots will create a new industry that could take the relay of the automotive and the computer industries in this century. This access to the mass market will require solving technological and acceptability problems by a common work of researchers, engineers, users and the major stakeholders of our society.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"59-70, 180-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Robotics and medical technology: which liability?].","authors":"Isabelle Poirot-Mazères","doi":"10.3917/jib.243.0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/jib.243.0099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, medical robots become more and more important to better provide care, to remote patients and help to perform surgery. Legal et ethical issues relating to health care robots are not new, but are more complicated, in particular about the assignation of liabilitiy. This article will give an overview of some of the legal issues relating the use of robotics in health care and medical and surgical procedures: first in relation to the safety of these specific devices, and then in relation to the threats to privacy and individual liberties.</p>","PeriodicalId":81629,"journal":{"name":"Journal international de bioethique = International journal of bioethics","volume":"24 4","pages":"99-124, 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32144197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}