Ethology and sociobiology最新文献

{"title":"The left-side holding preference is not universal: Evidence from field observations in Madagascar","authors":"Masayuki Nakamichi","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00002-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00002-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since Salk's first report (1960), many studies have confirmed a left-side bias in infant-holding among women. However, the present field observations in Madagascar show that 64% of 906 women and 73% of 231 men held their child on the right side of the body while standing or walking in a variety of public places. This right-side holding preference was seen in all of the ethnic groups observed. Moreover, the field observations were confirmed by the results of interviews with 67 women and 47 men. Possible explanations for the present findings are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00002-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A marginal model of tolerated theft","authors":"Bruce Winterhalder","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00126-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00126-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using marginal analysis to represent Blurton Jones's concept of tolerated theft, I show how equilibrium resource transfers among individuals might be affected by foraging behavior, resource qualities, and number of participants. The model applies to hominids and other species that exchange or share food or other resources. Among the results: Tolerated theft enhances the value to be derived from resources, packets intermediate in size are most likely to be subjected to tolerated theft, packet division is more likely to be unequal than equal, division is a function of group size, and tolerated theft is most likely in small groups. The model also suggests that among reciprocators the widest possible exchange or sharing is in the self-interest of the individual procuring the resource. In general, evolutionary cost-benefit accounting should track marginal changes in the value (fitness or utility) of resources. Marginal valuation is conceptually primary and may produce results that differ from direct measures of quantity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 37-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00126-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced memory for faces of cheaters","authors":"Linda Mealey,&nbsp;Christopher Daood,&nbsp;Michael Krage","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00131-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00131-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Under the guise of a test-retest reliability study, students were asked to rate the attractiveness of photo reproductions of Caucasian males. Each of the photo reproductions was presented with a fictional descriptive sentence giving information on the depicted individual's social status (high or low) and character (history of cheating, irrelevant information, or history of trustworthiness). A week later subjects again rated photos—half repeated and half new—this time, without descriptions. Subjects were asked to report which of the photos they remembered from the previous week. Responses were analyzed in a 2×3×2 factorial design, with the third factor being sex of respondent. The predicted bias—that subjects would preferentially recognize faces initially presented as those of cheaters—was confirmed. There were also two significant interations: (1) the bias was mitigated when the face was also presented as a person of high status; and (2) the bias was stronger for males than for females. The results support the idea that we have evolved highly selective attention and storage mechanisms for processing social information, and that both character (cheating potential) and status are important features in the engagement of these mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 119-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00131-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair","authors":"Frank Muscarella,&nbsp;Michael R. Cunningham","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00130-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00130-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Both male facial hair and male pattern baldness are genetically based, suggesting that they contributed to fitness. The multiple fitness model provides an evolutionary interpretation of the social perception of male pattern baldness and beardedness in terms of the multidimensional meaning of physical maturational stages. Male facial beardedness is associated with the sexual maturation stage and is hypothesized to signal aggressive dominance. Male pattern baldness, by contrast, is associated with the next stage of physical maturation, termed senescence. Pattern baldness may signal social maturity, a non-threatening form of dominance associated with wisdom and nurturance. We tested these hypotheses on social perceptions using manipulated male facial stimuli. We presented faces with three levels of cranial hair, including full, receding, and bald, and two levels of facial hair, beard with moustache and clean shaven. Consistent with the model, a decrease in the amount of cranial hair was associated with increased perceptions of social maturity, appeasement, and age, and decreased perceptions of attractiveness and aggressiveness. Targets with facial hair were perceived as more aggressive, less appeasing, less attractive, older, and lower on social maturity than clean shaven faces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 99-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00130-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetry and the menstrual cycle in women","authors":"J.T. Manning ,&nbsp;D. Scutt ,&nbsp;G.H. Whitehouse ,&nbsp;S.J. Leinster ,&nbsp;J.M. Walton","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00001-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00001-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry that are thought to accumulate during development. FA is therefore a measure of one component of fitness, that is, developmental stability. This work is not concerned with permanent between-individual differences in asymmetries but rather with temporary within-individual changes in asymmetry that are related to the menstrual cycle (cyclical asymmetry, CA). We present evidence from studies of non-sexually selected traits (ear and digit size) and a sexually selected trait (breast size) that, in characters made up wholly or in part of soft tissue, CA varies across the menstrual cycle in women. It is highest at the beginning and end of the cycle, when women are generally infertile, and low in mid-cycle, when fertility is highest. Furthermore in mid-cycle there is an indication of a transitory (24-hour) increase in CA followed by a substantial decrease, which may indicate ovulation. Temporal changes in CA could therefore be used by males to indicate a female's position in the cycle. We discuss these findings in relation to (1) our understanding of the evolution of human mating systems, (2) the practical implications of these data in the treatment of infertility and to facilitate contraception, and (3) their relevance to exercise and dieting as a means to minimize across-cycle increases in asymmetry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 129-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00001-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mate choice, marital success, and reproduction in a modern society","authors":"Tamas Bereczkei,&nbsp;Andras Csanaky","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00104-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00104-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A series of eight predictions concerning human mating was tested on interviews with 1057 female and 774 male Hungarians, who were close to completed fertility. Mating preferences as predicted from the evolutionary explanations are reflected in actual mate choice. Males, more than females, prefer and choose younger mates at marriage, whereas females tend to marry higher educated mates. The reproductive consequences of mate choice are adaptive: females who marry higher status mates and males who choose younger mates have significantly more surviving children than those following alternative mating strategies. This link between mating preferences and reproductive output may be mediated by marital success as a proximate mechanism. Couples whose wives are younger and/or less educated and whose husbands are older and/or more educated stay together for a longer period of time than other couples. Similarly, the age and educational differences between spouses are associated with marriage quality. Finally, homogamy is found as a widespread form of mate choice that proved to be almost as reproductively successful a strategy as hypergamy. We argue that females switch between homogamy and hypergamy and vice versa, depending on the particular social circumstance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 17-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00104-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human male mating strategies: II. Moral codes of “quality” and “quantity” strategists","authors":"Luci Paul,&nbsp;Linda R. Hirsch","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00129-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00129-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Men following quality and quantity strategies (pair bond with paternal investment/short-term sexual bonds) should have different, self-serving moral codes. If so, the different strategists should rate dating behaviors differently on ethical (honest and exploitative) and usage (by quality and quantity courters) scales. Quality strategists, who use honest advertisement, should promote their honest behavior by sharp distinctions between what is honest and exploitative and between what men like themselves and others (quantity strategists) do. Quantity strategists, who may exploit (e.g., verbal or physical coercion), should blur these distinctions. Their interests are served by the belief that all men are alike and not morally distinguishable. The companion study obtained men's ratings of quality-strategy behaviors (honest) and quantity-strategy behaviors (exploitative) on ethical and usage scales. Correlations were obtained between those ratings and the same men's scores on bipolar dimensions distinguishing quality from quantity strategists: sexual history, adult characteristics associated with female mate preference, and certain childhood experiences. The correlations supported the hypotheses with two exceptions. First, socioeconomic status and endorsement of a foraging tactic (leave if sexual relations do not start quickly) predicted ratings for quality-strategy behaviors, but did not predict ratings for quantity-strategy behaviors. Sexual history items and childhood experiences related to perceptions of relationships predicted only the ratings for quantity-strategy behaviors. Second, ratings of the lack of honesty in exploitative behavior and its lack of usage by quality courters did not distinguish the strategists. Three conclusions followed. One, there are two kinds of quantity strategists: commodifiers who trade resources for sex and predators who exploit. Two, quantity strategists are mixed strategists while some men follow only a quality strategy. Three, quantity strategists deceive themselves about the exploitative character of their behavior. The data fit evolutionary analyses of human morality and, with a few exceptions, current views of contextual factors governing adoption of different reproductive strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00129-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-cultural patterns of marriage and inheritance: A phylogenetic approach","authors":"Guy Cowlishaw,&nbsp;Ruth Mace","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00127-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00127-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a strong correlation between marriage system and wealth inheritance pattern across societies (Hartung 1982); as the degree of polygyny increases, so too does the degree of male bias in inheritance. In this paper, we reevaluate this pattern using a new technique in cross-cultural analyses that effectively controls for the nonindependence of cultures (Galton's problem) through the identification of independent instances of cultural change (Mace and Pagel 1994). First, we produce cultural phylogenetic trees for the societies under study, from phylogenies previously constructed on the basis of linguistic similarity (Ruhlen 1987). Then, following standard methods for the analysis of discrete characters on phylogenetic trees, we use parsimony to determine the ancestral condition of both marriage and inheritance, and subsequently tally the number of independent instances of cultural change in each trait. The results show that transitions to polygyny are much more commonly associated with male-biased inheritance than are transitions to monogamy across human societies in our sample. They illustrate how the degree of change in the evolution of these traits differs considerably between divergent cultural groups. The advantages of this technique are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00127-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human male mating strategies: I. Courtship tactics of the “quality” and “quantity” alternatives","authors":"Linda R. Hirsch,&nbsp;Luci Paul","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00128-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00128-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human males may adopt the “quality” strategy, a long-term pair bond with considerable paternal investment, or the “quantity” reproductive strategy, short-term pair bonds with little paternal investment. We hypothesized that (1) the two strategies require different courtship tactics, which can be derived from their different goals, and (2) the behavior used by quality courters is perceived as honest while the quantity strategist is often exploitative. Act nominations of 79 subjects and the investigators generated a set of 71 dating behaviors. Sixty-four other subjects classified each behavior by the theoretically derived tactics. Fifty-four males rated the likelihood of usage of each behavior by a man interested in marriage (quality courter) and by men interested in sexual relationships (quantity courters) who typically deceive, manipulate, or coerce women. Fifty-three other males rated each behavior on ethical scales of honesty, deception, manipulation, and coercion. Both kinds of ratings indicated that (1) tactics of quality courtship involve honest advertisement through mutual assessment, resource expenditure, and a delay in sexual relations, and (2) tactics of quantity courtship involve indirect or direct threats, psychological pressure, and talking about sex. Ethical ratings and the range of behaviors likely to be used by quality and quantity courters confirmed the hypothesis about ethical perceptions of the two strategies and suggested that quantity courters are opportunistic as well as exploitative.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 55-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00128-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary hypotheses of risk-sensitive choice: Age differences and perspective change","authors":"X.T. Wang","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00103-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(95)00103-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study tested specific predictions of risk preference in human choice derived from evolutionary hypotheses. The overall choice pattern revealed that subjects receiving a life-death decision problem described in a family context favored a risky probabilistic outcome over a statistically equivalent deterministic outcome. As predicted, the degree of such risk proneness varied as a function of sociobiologically important variables: the subject's age, their perspective, and the age cues about the hypothetical relatives saved in the deterministic outcome. Compared to young subjects, middle-aged subjects were much more prone to the deterministic outcome when it implied saving their younger family members but were extremely risk-seeking in favor of the probabilistic outcome when the deterministic choice resulted in the survival of older relatives. In contrast, the young subjects equally valued the younger and older hypothetical relatives and indistinguishably favored the probabilistic outcome under both saving-young and saving-old conditions. However, by changing the perspective of the young subjects from their own family to someone else's family, the saving-young deterministic outcome became more attractive than the saving-old deterministic outcome, resulting in differentiated risk-preference patterns. These results indicate an evolutionary origin of human reasoning and decision mechanisms that are sensitive to the biological characteristics of both decision makers and decision recipients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00103-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}