Ethology and sociobiology最新文献_第2页

When to have another baby: A dynamic model of reproductive decision-making and evidence from Gabbra pastoralists 何时再要一个孩子:一个动态的生殖决策模型和来自Gabbra牧民的证据

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00044-1

Ruth Mace

{"title":"When to have another baby: A dynamic model of reproductive decision-making and evidence from Gabbra pastoralists","authors":"Ruth Mace","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00044-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00044-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Maximizing reproductive success involves having as many children as possible that can themselves reproduce successfully. Thus, when Gabbra parents decide to have another baby, they must trade off the probability that they will be able to afford to raise the child and marry it off successfully when it reaches maturity against the risk that feeding and raising that child would diminish the family herd, harming the marriage prospects of other children and possibly even leading to household destitution. Here I use a dynamic, state-dependent optimality model to analyze this trade-off. The decision to have another baby depends on household wealth and the number of children they already have. Parents should not necessarily reproduce at the maximum rate to maximize reproductive success, and the costs of marrying off a child have a large impact on the optimal family size. In the Gabbra, the cost of marrying off boys greatly exceeds the cost of marrying off girls. An analysis of demographic data from Gabbra households with a living husband and a first wife that had reached menopause show that probability of remarriage is strongly dependent on the number of children the first wife had. Number of sons has a much greater influence than number of daughters on the probability of a second marriage, as predicted by the model. Men are attempting to create the optimal family.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 263-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00044-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 75

Human collective aggression: A behavioral ecology perspective 人类集体攻击:行为生态学视角

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00035-0

Christian G. Mesquida, Neil I. Wiener

{"title":"Human collective aggression: A behavioral ecology perspective","authors":"Christian G. Mesquida, Neil I. Wiener","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00035-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00035-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Moller (1967/68) proposes that the presence of a large number of adolescents and young adults in a population is a precursor of violent conflicts. But acts of collective aggression are typically perpetrated by males, particularly young males between 15 and 30 years of age. This marked sex difference in the degree of participation is found in all human societies, and it has persisted since the beginning of recorded history. Sexually dimorphic behaviors are invariably found in the context of reproduction, and we discuss male coalitional aggression as a reproductive fitness-enhancing social behavior. This type of social behavior may not increase the welfare of an entire population but it is likely to promote the fitness of the coalition participants. This study argues that the age composition of the male population should be regarded as the critical ecological/demographic factor affecting a population's tendency toward peace or violent conflicts. Our analyses of interstate and intrastate episodes of collective aggression since the 1960s indicate the existence of a consistent correlation between the ratio of males 15 to 29 years of age per 100 males 30 years of age and older, and the level of coalitional aggression as measured by the number of reported conflict related deaths.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 247-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00035-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 88

An adaptive model for predicting !Kung reproductive performance: A stochastic dynamic programming approach 一种预测孔雀鱼繁殖性能的自适应模型:一种随机动态规划方法

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00037-4

John M. Anderies

{"title":"An adaptive model for predicting !Kung reproductive performance: A stochastic dynamic programming approach","authors":"John M. Anderies","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00037-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00037-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A stochastic dynamic programming model is presented that supports and extends work on the reproductive performance of the !Kung Bushmen (Lee 1972; Blurton Jones and Sibly 1978; Blurton Jones 1986), proposing that !Kung women and their reproductive systems may be maximizing reproductive success. The stochastic dynamic programming approach allows the construction of a whole-life model where the physical/environmental constraints along with the uncertainty about future events !Kung women face when making reproductive choices can be explicitly built in. The model makes quantitative predictions for the optimal reproductive strategy assuming !Kung women are maximizing expected lifetime reproduction (ELR) given the physical parameters of !Kung life.</p><p>The model relies on data gathered from the works cited above and some considerations from simple probability theory. The model predictions for optimal birth spacing match the !Kung reproductive data very well and support earlier findings (Blurton Jones and Sibly; Blurton Jones 1986). The utility of the dynamic modeling approach is illustrated when the effects of varying certain model parameters are investigated.</p><p>By including the effect of the mother's mortality, which was not included in the Blurton Jones and Sibly (1978) analysis, the model allows for further exploration of the application of an adaptive approach to human reproductive performance. By adding some considerations about the risks of childbirth for the mother the model not only predicts optimal birth spacing, which is site specific, but also predicts the optimal time for a woman to begin and cease having children. These predictions coincide with menarche and menopause and shed light on their possible adaptive value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 221-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00037-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Carrier females and sender males: An evolutionary hypothesis linking female attractiveness, family resemblance, and paternity confidence 携带型女性和发送型男性:一个将女性吸引力、家族相似性和父权自信联系起来的进化假说

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00036-2

Frank Salter

{"title":"Carrier females and sender males: An evolutionary hypothesis linking female attractiveness, family resemblance, and paternity confidence","authors":"Frank Salter","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00036-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00036-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article introduces and elaborates the hypothesis of carrier features, characteristics which in females are attractive to males as mate-choice cues. Female carrier features increase paternal resemblance and are ultimately attractive because they help pair-bonded males distinguish genetic offspring from those conceived by mates in extra-pair copulations. The proposed kin recognition mechanism, whether culturally evolved or innate, facilitates discriminatory paternal investment, and hence male fitness. Carrier features would be attractive to males in monogamous species where paternal investment is high, and cuckoldry represents a significant risk to male fitness. Logical space exists for male sender features, which tend to be expressed in offspring regardless of female characteristics. Conflict of genetic interests between the sexes should favor the evolution of carrier, rather than sender, features in both sexes. The argument centers on humans, for whom candidate carrier features are discussed with regard to physiognomy, behavior, recessive traits, and body odor. Criticisms are discussed, and testable predictions enumerated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00036-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Attitudes toward homosexuals: An alternative darwinian view 对同性恋的态度:另一种达尔文观点

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00043-X

John Archer

引用次数: 14

Attitudes toward homosexuals and evolutionary theory: The role of evidence 对同性恋的态度和进化理论:证据的作用

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00042-8

Gordon G. Gallup Jr.

引用次数: 8

Attitudes toward homosexuals: A rejoinder 对同性恋者的态度:反驳

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00045-3

John Archer

引用次数: 1

Costs and benefits of monogamy and polygyny for Yanomamö women 一夫一妻制和一夫多妻制对Yanomamö妇女的成本和收益

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00003-9

Raymond Hames

引用次数: 50

Parents' knowledge of students' beliefs and attitudes: An indirect assay of parental solicitude? 家长对学生信仰和态度的了解:家长关怀的间接分析?

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00004-0

Martin Daly, Cheryl McConnell, Tammy Glugosh

引用次数: 9

Influence of wording and framing effects on moral intuitions 措辞和框架效应对道德直觉的影响

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(96)00041-6

Lewis Petrinovich, Patricia O'Neill

{"title":"Influence of wording and framing effects on moral intuitions","authors":"Lewis Petrinovich, Patricia O'Neill","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00041-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(96)00041-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research considers biasing effects on the expression of moral intuitions. Participants in Study 1 were asked to resolve some hypothetical moral dilemmas that involved the death of one or another set of individuals. For half of the participants, the problems were phrased using a Kill wording and for the other half a Save wording, although the outcomes were identical in each case. In Study 2, framing effects were produced by posing dilemma problems in different orders and in different contexts. In Study 1, the Kill-Save wording difference strongly influenced the resolution of the problems. In Study 2, if the problems involved a single kind of dilemma, the order in which the dilemmas were presented affected the pattern of response, whereas order had no major effect for another two series using different dilemmas. Thus, there were framing effects produced by differences in wording and order that could influence the decisions people make when presented with dilemmas, but the effects were not always large nor did they always appear. The presence and strength of the effects seem to depend on a variety of psychological factors that the problem sets activate. These findings are considered within the perspective of the evolution of cognitive strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 145-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00041-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53543030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 227