Ethology and sociobiology最新文献

Caring for identified versus statistical lives: An evolutionary view of medical distributive justice 关心确定的与统计的生命:医疗分配正义的进化观点

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00079-9

Randall F. Moore

{"title":"Caring for identified versus statistical lives: An evolutionary view of medical distributive justice","authors":"Randall F. Moore","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00079-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00079-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A central medical ethical concern is distributive justice, which may be framed as a problem in valuing identified lives versus statistical lives. Framing the issue in this way is important for two reasons. First, the growth of medical costs has been fueled and will continue to be fueled primarily by the growth of medical technology focused intensively, and often with little benefit for cost, on the care of identified lives. Second, there is some evidence that less expensive primary care, as opposed to high-tech medicine, is positively correlated with improved life expectancy, decreased infant and neonatal mortality, and fewer cases of low birth weight. However, shifting resources from high-tech medicine to primary care will be difficult because people find it psychologically painful to deny care to identified lives. People value identified lives more than statistical lives because we are influenced by certain cognitive preferences inherent to human nature. Natural selection has primed these cognitive preferences. There are no easy solutions to the profound problems facing healthcare systems. However, evolutionary insights can help us understand these problems and could productively inform attempts to promote primary care as opposed to high-tech medicine, thereby improving benefit for cost and enhancing social welfare.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 6","pages":"Pages 379-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00079-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55941390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 24

Social norm compliance as a signaling system. I. Studies of fitness-related attributions consequent on everyday norm violations 社会规范遵从是一种信号系统。1 .日常规范违规导致的健康相关归因研究

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(97)82225-X

Brant Wenegrat , Lisa Abrams , Eleanor Castillo-Yee , I.Jo Romine

{"title":"Social norm compliance as a signaling system. I. Studies of fitness-related attributions consequent on everyday norm violations","authors":"Brant Wenegrat , Lisa Abrams , Eleanor Castillo-Yee , I.Jo Romine","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(97)82225-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-3095(97)82225-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People attend to cues that convey information about social norms and try to comply with norms they believe are in force. Dispositions to comply with social norms are universal, suggesting that adherence to such norms is selectively advantageous. Possibly, compliance with social norms, however arbitrary these may be, serves a signaling function and is used to control attributions affecting fitness. To begin to test this hypothesis, we performed several experiments in which subjects watched videotapes of models violating everyday social norms and then rated those models on dimensions that would be relevant to the models' fitness, if subjects and models were socially interacting. In some experiments, violations of minor social norms significantly altered such ratings. Even subjects who failed to cite norm violations when given the opportunity nonetheless gave lower ratings to models as the result of norm violations. A manipulation that increased the salience of such norms increased the adverse effects of norms violations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that norm compliance serves an important signaling function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 6","pages":"Pages 403-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(97)82225-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137223949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social norm compliance as a signaling system. II. Studies of fitness-related attributions consequent on a group norm violation 社会规范遵从是一种信号系统。2违反群体规范的健康相关归因研究

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00078-7

Brant Wenegrat , Eleanor Castillo-Yee , Lisa Abrams

{"title":"Social norm compliance as a signaling system. II. Studies of fitness-related attributions consequent on a group norm violation","authors":"Brant Wenegrat , Eleanor Castillo-Yee , Lisa Abrams","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00078-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00078-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People everywhere attend to cues that convey information about social norms and try to comply with norms they believe are in force. In another article, we hypothesized that norm compliance serves a signaling function, and we reported that violations of everyday minor social norms cause observers to make invidious attributions that might decrease violators' fitness, if observers and violators were socially interacting (Wenegrat et al. 1996). A manipulation that increased the salience of such norms increased the adverse effects of norm violations. Many social norms are associated with groups and hence become more salient in situations that call attention to group membership. We performed experiments in which subjects watched videotapes of models violating such a norm in a setting that called attention to group membership. Subjects then rated those models on dimensions that would be relevant to the model's fitness, if subjects and models were socially interacting, and they also expressed their preferences regarding possible future interactions with the models. Violations of the group norm significantly altered fitness-relevant ratings and also preferences concerning future interactions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that compliance with various social norms serves an important signaling function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 6","pages":"Pages 417-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00078-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91763630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Social norm compliance as a signaling system. I. Studies of fitness-related attributions consequent on everyday norm violations 社会规范遵从是一种信号系统。1 .日常规范违规导致的健康相关归因研究

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00078-7

B. Wenegrat, Lisa Abrams, Eleanor Castillo-Yee, I. Romine

引用次数: 20

Marriage as a reproductive contract: Patterns of marriage, divorce, and remarriage 作为生殖契约的婚姻:结婚、离婚和再婚的模式

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00075-1

Leslie Buckle, Gordon G Gallup Jr., Zachary A Rodd

{"title":"Marriage as a reproductive contract: Patterns of marriage, divorce, and remarriage","authors":"Leslie Buckle, Gordon G Gallup Jr., Zachary A Rodd","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00075-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00075-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Patterns of marriage, divorce, remarriage, and redivorce were examined in several representative Western cultures through survey questions and archival data to test the hypothesis that marriage and divorce can be understood as expressions of underlying gender-specific, fitness maximization strategies. Differences between males and females were found for the relationship between age and patterns of both marriage and divorce, with females being far more likely at almost all ages to initiate divorce proceedings than males. Once divorced, however, formerly married females were less likely to remarry than formerly married males. The presence of children from a prior marriage had the effect of further decreasing the likelihood of remarriage for females, but not for males. Formerly married males without children tended to remarry females who had never been married, whereas just the opposite was true for divorced males with children. Consistent with our view of marriage as a reproductive contract, the absence of children was not only conducive to divorce and remarriage, but appeared to increase the likelihood of redivorce as well.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 6","pages":"Pages 363-377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00075-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55941348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 94

Attributes of carnegie medalists performing acts of heroism and of the recipients of these acts 卡内基奖章获得者的英雄主义行为和这些行为的接受者的属性

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00059-3

Ronald C. Johnson

{"title":"Attributes of carnegie medalists performing acts of heroism and of the recipients of these acts","authors":"Ronald C. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00059-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00059-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Carnegie Hero Fund Commission recognized 676 acts of heroism during the years 1989 through 1995. About 92% of the acts of heroism were performed by males, and about 60% of the recipients of the acts were males. A higher proportion of women rescued relatives or people they knew, and a higher proportion of males rescued people they did not know. Close to one in five rescue attempts by both male and female rescuers resulted in their deaths. Deaths were more likely to occur in rescuers of persons they knew than of those they did not know. Younger relatives were more likely to be rescued than older ones but, for the sample as a whole, age differences between rescuers and those rescued and between sexes in each group were slight. However, as might be expected in terms of ability and need, higher proportions of persons rescued (compared to rescuers) were among the very young and the old. Rescuers were working-class rural or small-town residents more often than would be expected from general population data. All of the data presented above is based on information concerning awards. Results may be influenced by variables affecting the likelihood of being nominated or, if nominated, receiving an award. A possible basis of altruism directed toward nonkin and even strangers is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 5","pages":"Pages 355-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00059-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55941315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 31

On the importance of kin relations to canadian women and men 关于亲属关系对加拿大男女的重要性

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00046-5

Catherine A. Salmon, Martin Daly

{"title":"On the importance of kin relations to canadian women and men","authors":"Catherine A. Salmon, Martin Daly","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00046-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00046-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sex differences in the salience and meaning of kin relations for contemporary Canadians were examined in two studies. In study 1, 24 opposite-sex adult sibling pairs were asked to reconstruct their kindreds as fully as possible, following a computerized menu. Sisters almost invariably recalled more relatives than did their brothers, especially living and matrilateral relatives. In study 2, a questionnaire administered to 150 female and 150 male undergraduates explored the relevance of kinship to characterizations of the self (“Who are you?”) and to nominations of one's closest social relationships. Women were much more likely than men to refer to their kinship statuses in characterizing themselves (I am a daughter, a sister, etc.), whereas 28% of men and only 8% of women mentioned their surnames (I am a Smith, Jones, etc.). Women and men were about equally likely to name a relative, as opposed to a mate or friend, as the person to whom they feel closest, but women more often nominated a parent (especially mother) and men a sibling (especially an older sister). These sex differences are discussed in relation to possible differences in how women and men make use of family ties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 5","pages":"Pages 289-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00046-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55941300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 55

Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient egypt and iran: A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance? 古埃及和伊朗皇室以外的兄妹和亲子婚姻:对避免乱伦的社会生物学观点的挑战?

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X

Walter Scheidel

{"title":"Brother-sister and parent-child marriage outside royal families in ancient egypt and iran: A challenge to the sociobiological view of incest avoidance?","authors":"Walter Scheidel","doi":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Copious and unequivocal evidence of legally condoned and socially favored brother-sister and parent-child marriage among common people from Roman Egypt (first to third centuries, A.D.) and Zoroastrian Iran (fifth century, B.C. to 11th century, A.D.) can be taken to pose a challenge to the sociobiological case for universal evolved incest avoidance within the nuclear family, triggered by early childhood proximity (the Westermarck effect). Official census documents from Roman Egypt show a high incidence of full sibling unions with relatively small age gaps between the spouses and no indication of reduced marital fertility, sexual aversion, or increased infant and child mortality. Zoroastrian religious tracts actively encourage nuclear family incest and extol its meritorious nature and supernatural benefits. A schematic assessment of the likely extent of inbreeding depression in such families under conditions of very high mortality through other causes makes reproduction at replacement level seem difficult to accomplish. But given the lack of information on the frequency of deleterious recessive genes in these populations, this reconstruction is fraught with uncertainty; pertinent ancient evidence is suggestive of some incidence of inbreeding depression but remains inconclusive. Aversion and revulsion between incestuous spouses proves a similarly elusive issue. Although these cases from antiquity do not clearly contradict the view of incest avoidance as an evolved mechanism that engenders sexual indifference and normally translates into corresponding cultural norms, they demonstrate the need for a more comprehensive consideration of the available historical record in the testing of evolutionary rules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"17 5","pages":"Pages 319-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00074-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55941335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 31

Viewing time as a measure of sexual interest 视时间为性兴趣的衡量标准

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00060-X

Vernon L. Quinsey, Maria Ketsetzis, Christopher Earls, Adele Karamanoukian

引用次数: 149

A test of the mate deprivation hypothesis of sexual coercion 性胁迫的配偶剥夺假说的检验

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1996-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3095(96)00076-3

Martin L. Lalumière, Lori J. Chalmers, Vernon L. Quinsey, Michael C. Seto

引用次数: 108