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On being sufficiently exact: assessing navigational instruments in the eighteenth century. 论足够精确:评估18世纪的航海仪器。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282779
Richard Dunn
{"title":"On being sufficiently exact: assessing navigational instruments in the eighteenth century.","authors":"Richard Dunn","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282779","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores discussions centred on the activities of the British Board of Longitude to consider the ways in which some men of science, instrument makers and others thought about questions of precision and accuracy, both in principle and in terms of what was possible in practice when making observations at sea. It considers firstly the terminology used in some eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century texts, highlighting the concept of exactness, which was more commonly used to describe one of the desirable qualities of instruments and methods. It then looks at some of the discussions and debates in which the Board of Longitude was involved from the 1760s to think about different actors' expectations of what levels of exactness might be either desirable or possible for day-to-day navigation. The focus is on the ability to make accurate shipboard observations and on the question of what degree of exactness might have been accepted as good enough for routine navigational purposes when at sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"208-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136395954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time troubles: clocks and practices of precision in early eighteenth-century observatories. 时间的烦恼：十八世纪早期天文台的时钟和精确度实践。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282773
Sibylle Gluch
{"title":"Time troubles: clocks and practices of precision in early eighteenth-century observatories.","authors":"Sibylle Gluch","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282773","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1736/37, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle and Jean Jacques Dortous de Mairan communicated about the clocks that would enable the astronomers of the Saint Petersburg observatory to make highly exact observations. Delisle, who was in charge of the Saint Petersburg observatory, demanded old-fashioned clocks in the manner of Huygens. Mairan, well-versed in astronomy himself, recommended equation clocks. The article uses these seemingly inappropriate preferences to discuss eighteenth-century notions of accuracy and precision in clocks. It analyses the multiple factors that influenced expectations regarding the performance of timekeeping instruments, and draws attention to handling and monitoring practices. The latter reflected the individual user's purposes and experience, but also affected the clocks' going. Furthermore, the article presents the result of a statistical analysis, which serves to evaluate the historical performance of the Saint Petersburg observatory clocks and provides a foil against which Delisle's judgement of them is examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"160-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139519576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantification and precision: a brief look at some ancient accounts. 定量与精确：简述古代的一些说法。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282778
Arthur Harris, Liba Taub
{"title":"Quantification and precision: a brief look at some ancient accounts.","authors":"Arthur Harris, Liba Taub","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282778","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We explore the extent to which ancient Greek authors formulated concepts that approximate or encompass our modern notions of precision and accuracy. First, we focus on estimates and measurements of geographic features, astronomical times and positions, and weight. These raise further questions about whether the quantities reported were measured, estimated, or rounded. While ancient sources discuss the use of instruments, it is not always clear that the aim was to achieve what we would today regard as 'precision'. Next, we briefly consider round numbers, observing that they could carry symbolic meaning, while unrounded numbers could give an impression of hard-won achievement. Finally, we examine uses of the word <i>akribeia</i>. This is often translated as 'precision' or 'exactness', and Greek writers sometimes used <i>akribeia</i> to denote an ideal for their inquiries. A brief look at its uses by a number of Greek writers will on the one hand show the mismatch with our term 'precision', and on the other hand throw some light on the aims of Greek investigators.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"10-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139048223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Managing precision: how to use chronometers accurately at sea. 精确管理：如何在海上准确使用天文钟。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2288142
Emily Akkermans
{"title":"Managing precision: how to use chronometers accurately at sea.","authors":"Emily Akkermans","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2288142","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2288142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine chronometers, often considered precision instruments, proliferated in navigational practices during the nineteenth century. This paper examines their use in the hands of naval officers in the early-nineteenth century. It argues that both the instruments and their operators required careful management and regulation. In addition, officers learnt and adapted observatory practices relating to the process of data collection and management. Through these means, chronometric data was collected, organized, and reduced to negotiate accurate results.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"235-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138798649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Searching for precision: Lorenz Eichstadt's Tabulae harmonicae coelestium motuum (Stetin 1644) and astronomical prediction after Kepler. 追求精确:洛伦兹·艾施塔特的《口琴表》(Stetin 1644)和开普勒之后的天文预测。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2284340
Richard L Kremer
{"title":"Searching for precision: Lorenz Eichstadt's <i>Tabulae harmonicae coelestium motuum</i> (Stetin 1644) and astronomical prediction after Kepler.","authors":"Richard L Kremer","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2284340","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2284340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the century between the creation of the first large, European astronomical observatory by Tycho Brahe in the 1580s and the national observatories of France and England in the 1660-1670s, astronomers constructed ever more sets of tables, derived from various geometrical and physical models, to compute planetary positions. But how were these tables to be evaluated? What level of precision or accuracy should be expected from mathematical astronomy? In 1644, the Stetin astronomer and calendar-maker Lorenz Eichstadt published a new set of tables, mostly cobbled together from earlier tables, which include a running commentary on how his tables might be expected to match 'observed' planetary positions. His earlier works also often display a rhetoric of 'exactitude' and 'error'. Eichstadt thus offers a case study of explicit discussions of 'precision' in mid-seventeenth astronomy. Although some tables could generate positions to arcseconds, Eichstadt argued that a regime of five arcminutes should be enough for most table users who were, presumably, computing horoscopes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"60-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138298216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Popularizing precision: cultures of exactness at the Paris observatory, 1667-1742. 普及精确:巴黎天文台的精确文化，1667-1742。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282783
David Aubin
{"title":"Popularizing precision: cultures of exactness at the Paris observatory, 1667-1742.","authors":"David Aubin","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282783","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article maps out the lexical landscape of precision from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century and investigate the various meanings of precision, both as a word and a concept, within the Paris Observatory and beyond. It argues that precision was first an attribute of instruments supposed to produce numerical measurements, like clocks and divided circles or sectors attached to optical devices. Less often, precision was applied to observers, the handling of instruments, and observational methods, including mathematical corrections applied to raw data. When all these aspects were combined the numerical result finally was also deemed to be precise. Moving to the debate about the shape of the Earth that shook the Academy of Sciences in the 1730s, it follows the way in which wider audiences were conveyed the various meanings of precision. Between the Cartesian resistance to the emergence of a professional science of precision and the pedagogical approach followed by the Newtonians such as Maupertuis, it argues that Cassini III embraced the professionalism of modern science, but did not feel that methodological precision was out of the reach of an educated public. While Maupertuis has seemed content with a discussion focusing on the precision of instruments and results, Cassini III set himself the hefty task of producing an accessible account of precision as a method of inquiry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"139-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138476595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
'Si te omnimoda delectat precisio': early astronomical instruments with scales and the multiple meanings of precision in the sixteenth century. Si te omnimoda delectat precisio"：十六世纪带刻度的早期天文仪器和精确的多重含义。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2285845
Samuel Gessner
{"title":"'Si te omnimoda delectat precisio': early astronomical instruments with scales and the multiple meanings of precision in the sixteenth century.","authors":"Samuel Gessner","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2285845","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2285845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores the various meanings of precision during the early modern period in Europe. In contrast with existing literature focused on assessing the precision of early instruments, this study delves into the intended significance of the term 'precision' as understood by historical figures such as J. Stöffler, P. Nunes or F. Mordente. By analysing a selection of instruments equipped with scales, both in their physical form and as they are described in instrument texts, several facets of precision emerge. Some findings demonstrate that the precision of scales can be enhanced through corrections obtained from tables. In other cases, visual estimation is substituted with a method for obtaining values of multiple sexagesimal places. Furthermore, certain instruments designed to represent theoretical concepts achieve greater precision by incorporating the most intricate details of these notions. This investigation into lesser-known meanings of precision underscores the need of comprehensively exploring the concepts, the practices and the terminology surrounding precision that were in use over the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"30-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138798651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Francis Bacon and the practices of measurement. 弗朗西斯·培根和测量实践。
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282772
Dana Jalobeanu
{"title":"Francis Bacon and the practices of measurement.","authors":"Dana Jalobeanu","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282772","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The instrumental character of Francis Bacon's natural and experimental histories was often noted, but never fully investigated. In this paper I aim to reconstruct the theoretical and methodological background which supports this feature. I claim that we can read large parts of the second book of Bacon's <i>Novum organum</i> as a guide to laboratory practices; and that it was read in this manner by some of Bacon's seventeenth century followers. Key to this guide is Bacon's theory of prerogative instances which, in turn, provides the grounding for a whole theory of instruments of detection and instruments of measurement. I show, in particular, how Bacon suggested that such instruments can be used for 'charting' virtues and powers; a process in which instruments of detection can be transformed into instruments of measurement. I also show that Bacon's views on instruments entail an elaborated conception of measurement which departs from the ethos of artisanal perfection. Instead of pursuing the 'best results', Bacon's instrumental natural and experimental histories aim to offer a large enough corpus of correlations, estimates and calculations which, taken together, can represent more or less accurately changes and variations of natural virtues and powers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"79-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136395953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The social life of precision instruments: artisans’ trials in early-modern England, 1550–1700 精密仪器的社会生活：1550-1700 年早期现代英国的工匠试验
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282784
Boris Jardine
{"title":"The social life of precision instruments: artisans’ trials in early-modern England, 1550–1700","authors":"Boris Jardine","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2023.2282784","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the role of mathematical instrument makers in establishing a public culture of precision measurement in early-modern England. I argue that this culture was promoted through tria...","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to ensure a chronometer’s accuracy. Josiah Emery timekeepers and their users 如何确保天文台表的准确性。约西亚-艾默瑞计时器及其用户
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2282787
Rossella Baldi
{"title":"How to ensure a chronometer’s accuracy. Josiah Emery timekeepers and their users","authors":"Rossella Baldi","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2282787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2023.2282787","url":null,"abstract":"Precision was not a quality expected from ordinary watches in the eighteenth century, which required specific maintenance to function correctly. The precautions to be taken to ensure the accuracy o...","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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