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Francisco de Melo's theory of vision. 弗朗西斯科德梅洛的视觉理论。
IF 0.7 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2024.2408229
Daniel Pinto
{"title":"Francisco de Melo's theory of vision.","authors":"Daniel Pinto","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2408229","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2408229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a complement to his version of Euclid's <i>Optics</i>, the Portuguese mathematician Francisco the Melo (1490-1536) wrote a short treatise on the principles of vision that also included a summary description of the components of the eye. Combining arguments of geometric and anatomical nature, that text helps us to understand some of the conflicting ideas of the Renaissance period, before Kepler, but it also invites us to reread the contributions of a number of authors from the Middle Ages, with a particular focus on Alhacen and Witelo. Although Melo's theory of vision cannot be classified as exactly groundbreaking, it presents many interesting and singular peculiarities. In particular the way in which Melo justifies the existence of rays emitted by the eye while incorporating, at the same time, some elements of the intromission theories, and the clear steps he gives to single out the perpendicular ray in the mechanism behind a faithful and distinct vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gustave-Adolphe Hirn, the mechanical equivalent of heat, and the conservation of energy. 古斯塔夫-阿道夫-希恩，热的机械等价物和能量守恒。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2024.2378353
Kenneth L Caneva
{"title":"Gustave-Adolphe Hirn, the mechanical equivalent of heat, and the conservation of energy.","authors":"Kenneth L Caneva","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2378353","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2378353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alsatian engineer Gustave-Adolphe Hirn is best known to historians of science for his experimental determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, first published in 1855. Since the 1840s, that equivalent has been closely associated with the conservation of energy, indeed often conflated with it. Hirn was one of Thomas Kuhn's twelve 'pioneers' whose work he deemed relevant to the ostensible 'simultaneous discovery' of energy conservation. Yet Hirn never wholeheartedly embraced energy conservation. After reviewing his experimental work, his philosophical reflections, and his response to developments in heat theory, this article identifies three factors as having played central roles in this regard: Hirn's deepest concerns were ontological, not energetic; none of the concepts basic to his natural philosophy were appropriate stand-ins for a quantitatively conserved energy; and, accurately reflecting the most common interpretation of the principle of the conservation of energy from the 1860s on - as exemplified already by Helmholtz in 1847 - Hirn associated its corpuscular-mechanical underpinning with the despiritualizing materialism he saw as dominating contemporary science. Hence although Hirn's natural philosophy embraced sentiments quite in the spirit of the conservation of energy, he never explicitly subscribed to that principle.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"81-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From orbits to orbitals. Early pictorializations of electron probability densities. 从一个轨道到另一个轨道。电子概率密度的早期图示。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2025.2582611
Tilman Sauer, Kristin Sellmann
{"title":"From orbits to orbitals. Early pictorializations of electron probability densities.","authors":"Tilman Sauer, Kristin Sellmann","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2025.2582611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2025.2582611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The transition from atomic models of the old quantum theory to the wave mechanics of mature quantum mechanics entailed a change from electronic orbits to orbitals. The former look like planets orbiting a central star, while orbitals are electronic wave functions interpreted as probability densities. In this paper, we investigate early attempts to create pictorial images of the electronic probability density in the hydrogen atom. We analyse various approaches to visualize solutions to the Schrödinger equation for atomic hydrogen from first attempts in the early 1930s until the advent of modern computer graphics in the 1970s. We replicate the approaches by White (1931), DeVault (1944) and Wiswesser (1945) and discuss their intrinsic features and limitations. The translation of abstract mathematical probability densities into tangible and broadly accessible pictorial representations of orbitals is a complex process that critically depends on the concepts and tools available for graphical representation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Greek to Latin Europe and back: recovering and interpreting Theophrastus' De odoribus in the early modern age. 从希腊到拉丁欧洲再回来：恢复和解释近代早期泰奥弗拉斯图斯的《气味论》。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2025.2582587
Tommaso De Robertis
{"title":"From Greek to Latin Europe and back: recovering and interpreting Theophrastus' <i>De odoribus</i> in the early modern age.","authors":"Tommaso De Robertis","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2025.2582587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2025.2582587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article traces the reception history of Theophrastus' <i>De odoribus</i> in the early modern period. It first examines the recovery and circulation of the earliest manuscript witnesses of the work in fifteenth-century Italy and the publication in print of the Greek text (Venice, 1497). As a work devoted to the preparation and usages of unguents and powders, the <i>De odoribus</i> provided a useful repertoire of recipes for botanists and other practitioners of the life sciences. The work, however, was transmitted very poorly, so that early modern scholars had to engage in meticulous philological analyses in order to restore the text's readability. The second part of the article focuses on the Latin translations of and philological commentaries on the work produced between the mid-sixteenth and the early seventeenth century. These were made by Adrian Turnèbe (1556), Jacques Daléchamps (ca. 1575), and Daniel Fourlanos (printed in 1605, but completed before), the last being a Greek scholar who, after years of activity spent in Padua, eventually returned to his native Crete to bring his work on Theophrastus to completion. The article shows that, while Turnèbe remained the standard authority for the interpretation of Theophrastus' <i>De odoribus</i>, both Daléchamps and Fourlanos contributed to the further improvement of the text and paid special attention to the medical framework of the work.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysing Hermann Graßmann's works - retrospecting and re-assessing. 分析赫尔曼-格拉斯曼（Hermann Graßmann）的作品--回顾与重新评估。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2024.2332876
Gert Schubring
{"title":"Analysing Hermann Graßmann's works - retrospecting and re-assessing.","authors":"Gert Schubring","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2332876","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2332876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The life and work of Hermann Günther Graßmann (1809-1877) attract not only ever again the attention of mathematicians, mathematical historians and those interested in the history of mathematics, they constitute also a challenge for the methodology of historiographical research. This challenge persists since Friedrich Engel's biography of 1911; there, two sources were presented and interpreted in a not legitimate manner which even mislead since then various scholars. This paper faces the intricate task to unravel not only the methodological shortcomings of Engel's biography, but also to re-assess the misinterpretations - particularly of alleged influences on Graßmann's approaches - induced by Engel's misleading claims. Based upon broader historically contextualised analyses of Graßmann's innovative elements in his theory of extension and upon new primary sources for his student times at the Gymnasium and Berlin University, the paper presents a novel assessment of Graßmann's approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"645-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140850182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Josiah Willard Gibbs and Pierre Maurice Duhem: two diverging personalities, and scientific styles. 约西亚-威拉德-吉布斯和皮埃尔-莫里斯-杜恒：两种不同的个性和科学风格。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2024.2332884
Photis Dais
{"title":"Josiah Willard Gibbs and Pierre Maurice Duhem: two diverging personalities, and scientific styles.","authors":"Photis Dais","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2332884","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2332884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this essay, I will compare the character, scientific style, and writing style of the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs and the French physicist Pierre Maurice Duhem. I begin with biographical notes to portray some significant moments of their lives. I will contrast their characters and scientific styles as manifested in their social and scientific activity influenced by the cultural traditions of their countries and the social and scientific milieu of their time. Also, in these sections, I will discuss features of their familial relationships that affected their youth, their psychology, and the shaping of their characters. I will compare their writing styles emphasizing the differences observed between Gibbs's dense and austere style, unlike Duhem's detailed and informative way of writing his essays. I will further examine the way by which each physicist used Mach's doctrine of the economy of thought in shaping their writing style. A final contrast is reserved for their pedagogical styles. In this case, I will let their students and colleagues speak for them, while I comment on why they did not leave behind a school of thought.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"693-752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140292497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The first six propositions of Archimedes' on equilibrium of planes 1. 阿基米德关于平面平衡的前六个命题 1.
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2024.2349878
Jean De Groot
{"title":"The first six propositions of Archimedes' <i>on equilibrium of planes</i> 1.","authors":"Jean De Groot","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2349878","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2349878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern commentators have doubts about the authenticity and cogency of the early propositions of Archimedes' <i>On Equilibrium of Planes</i> Book 1. Ernst Mach famously said that the proof of Prop. 6, the so-called law of the lever, assumes what is to be proven. Comparing the initial text in Heiberg's modern edition (1881, 1913) to the first propositions in Eutocius' commentary on <i>EP</i> 1, J. L. Berggren ([1976]. 'Spurious Theorems in Archimedes' Equilibrium of Planes: Book I', <i>Archive for History of Exact Sciences</i> 16.2 (1976), 87-103.) claimed that the propositions up through Proposition 3 of the standard modern edition are schoolbook additions written by an ancient author inferior to Archimedes. The present paper argues for the logical connectedness of Postulates 1-5 to Props. 1-6, by means of a detailed examination of the course of the argument and a re-examination of Eutocius' remarks. The paper reinterprets the role of the empirical in the early propositions and offers a reading of the contribution of Archimedes' mechanics to the method of <i>EP</i> 1.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"499-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140911259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction. 更正。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2024.2346380
{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2346380","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2346380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"761"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Henry Cort and the 'Black metallurgists': on the accuracy of Bulstrode's historical account. 亨利·科特和“黑人冶金学家”：论布尔斯特罗德历史叙述的准确性。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2025.2495308
Oliver Jelf
{"title":"Henry Cort and the 'Black metallurgists': on the accuracy of Bulstrode's historical account.","authors":"Oliver Jelf","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2025.2495308","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2025.2495308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The editors of <i>History and Technology</i> have declared their 'unreserved support' for Jenny Bulstrode's claim that eighteenth-century ironmaster Henry Cort stole his revolutionary iron-rolling process from enslaved 'Black metallurgists'. This paper critically examines their defence of her theory, with a particular focus on connections between sugar and iron production that are presented by Bulstrode as an essential catalyst for the supposed development of the process in Jamaica. By exploring in depth the historical context, technological details, and primary sources relating to Bulstrode's claim, this study demonstrates that her account remains both inaccurate and fundamentally implausible.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"586-624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Truth but not science? George Berkeley and the politics of mathematical authority in the Analyst Controversy. 真理而非科学？乔治·伯克利与《分析师之争》中的数学权威政治。
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
Annals of Science Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2025.2538447
Julia Tomasson
{"title":"Truth but not science? George Berkeley and the politics of mathematical authority in the <i>Analyst</i> Controversy.","authors":"Julia Tomasson","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2025.2538447","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2025.2538447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reframes the <i>Analyst</i> Controversy, incited by George Berkeley's incendiary tract <i>The Analyst: A Discourse Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician</i> (1734), as not merely a debate about Newtonian fluxions but as a conflict over epistemic authority and competing ideas and ideals of reason in the Age of Reason. While often treated as a technical episode in the history of calculus, the controversy also reveals deeper tensions about the legitimate production of mathematical knowledge and the status of its truths. By situating the controversy in the broader social and political context of Augustan Britain, this article argues that Berkeley's critique challenged not only the foundations of Newtonian mathematics but also the Lockean social epistemology and Whig ideologies of order in which they were embedded.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"528-585"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144940004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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