Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy最新文献

{"title":"Biodegradable or bottleneck? A critical review of anaerobic digestion of bioplastics","authors":"Banafsheh Mashhadi,&nbsp;Alsayed Mostafa,&nbsp;Paolo Salvatore Calabrò,&nbsp;Bipro Ranjan Dhar","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00265-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00265-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an established technology for the sustainable valorization of various types of biodegradable waste since it allows biogas production as a clean energy source. Bioplastics gained traction as the ideal alternative to non-biodegradable plastics with long-standing environmental concerns regarding their environmental impact. Given the expansion of their production and use in daily activities, bioplastics found their way into AD facilities along with other organic wastes. While recent studies investigated the impact of bioplastics on AD systems, a holistic understanding of bioplastics’ degradation in AD systems remains limited. This could be attributed to bioplastics’ diverse compositions and complex degradation pathways. This review critically analyzes the factors affecting bioplastics’ degradation in AD systems, including retention time, temperature, pretreatment methods, and the type of bioplastic. Moreover, various approaches, such as co-digestion with organic waste, used to enhance the degradation rate of bioplastics in AD systems, are discussed and assessed. In addition, this review sheds light on the persistent challenges in the AD systems of bioplastics, such as residual bioplastics in digestate, inconsistent degradation rates, and the leaching of toxic elements, all of which pose risks to digestate quality and environmental safety. Finally, a future outlook is provided, identifying key research needs to improve the digestibility and biodegradability of bioplastics when used as sole or co-feedstock in AD systems. Overall, this review presents vital insights to the AD industry, which is currently grappling with maintaining the stability of digesters treating bioplastics.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"8 1","pages":"233 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilisation of hybrid waste frying oil via optimised base-catalysed transesterification process for maximum biodiesel production","authors":"Wardah Senusi,&nbsp;Mohammad Aliff Shakir,&nbsp;H. P. S. Abdul Khalil,&nbsp;Mardiana Idayu Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00264-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00264-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transition towards low-carbon waste utilisation is crucial for mitigating environmental pollution and promoting sustainable energy solutions. One promising approach is the valorisation of waste frying oils (WFOs) for biodiesel production, which offers the dual benefits of waste reduction and renewable energy generation. Despite progress in biodiesel technologies, conventional transesterification often overlooks the potential of hybridised feedstocks and lacks systematic optimisation approaches. The absence of studies that integrate hybrid WFOs with robust statistical models limits process efficiency and fuel quality improvements. This synergy is key to boosting biodiesel yield, utilising underused biomass, and enabling scalable green fuel production. This study focuses on the base-catalysed transesterification of hybrid WFO (50% sunflower oil and 50% corn oil) by employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimise process parameters. This combined approach has not been previously reported and offers a scalable pathway for sustainable biodiesel production. Optimisation was performed on the methanol-to-oil ratio, the catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimised conditions based on the experimental design included a methanol-to-oil ratio of 12.0:1, a reaction time of 71 min, a reaction temperature of 55 °C and 0.50% (mass fraction) catalyst loading, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 98.50%. The model also validated an approximately 98.80% biodiesel yield. In this work, the biodiesel properties met the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, ensuring compatibility with industry requirements. This study highlights the role of waste-derived feedstocks in fostering sustainable energy utilisation while reducing environmental burdens associated with waste disposal. The findings support the integration of optimised biodiesel production processes into waste management strategies, contributing to cleaner energy solutions and advancing the circular economy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"8 1","pages":"105 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of sustainable tail grout through the utilization of shield muck and waste-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag","authors":"Yujun Du,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Peixin Shi,&nbsp;Wentao Li","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00263-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00263-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A huge amount of shield muck is generated during shield tunneling, and the reutilization of shield muck to produce tail grout has attracted growing attention, aiming to mitigate the environmental issues related to the transport and disposal of shield muck. However, conventional binders, such as cement, used in this technique are associated with high carbon emission. Therefore, this study investigates the use of low-carbon binder, i.e., carbide sludge (CS)-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), in shield muck treatment, aiming to achieve sustainable reutilization. Various commercial additives and phosphogypsum (PG), an industry waste, were added to further enhance the properties of treated shield muck. Results show that incorporating sulfate-containing additives to GGBS-CS-stabilized shield muck significantly reduced the setting time from 26.75 to 8.00–12.00 h, with Na₂SO₄ and PG showing a relatively higher reducing rate. In addition, adding Na₂SO₄ and PG to GGBS-CS-stabilized shield muck could enhance the 3-day strength by 67.0% and 37.0%, respectively, while their effects on improving the 28-day strength were marginal, yielding increases of just 16.0% and 0.4%. Results also indicated that additives led to a higher stone shrinkage rate of grout. Nonetheless, all additives posed negligible effects on the consistency and flowability. Microstructure analysis indicated that additives promoted the generation of ettringite (AFt) and aluminate ferrite monosulfate (AFm) phases. These phases consume free water and refine pores, leading to the higher stone shrinkage rate. Isothermal titration calorimetry highlighted that the additives affect the heat rate in the time interval of 4–50 h after mixing, and this should be the reason for the significant influence of additives on setting time and 3-day strength as well as limited impact on consistency and flowability. The findings confirmed the feasibility of using stabilized shield muck to produce tail grout, and PG is efficient in further enhancing its properties.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"625 - 640"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of blast furnace slag on heavy metal speciation in municipal sludge pyrolysis: experimental and theoretical study","authors":"Shijie Zhang,&nbsp;Zhixin Geng,&nbsp;Yangwei Qu,&nbsp;Yangfan Fang,&nbsp;Yunfeng Xu","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00261-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00261-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The presence of unstable heavy metals in sludge restricts its potential for resource utilization, making it crucial to minimize the secondary risk associated with heavy metals during sludge pyrolysis. This study explored the influence of the addition of blast furnace slag (slag), pyrolysis temperature, and residence time on the morphological distributions of Zn, Pb, and Cr in biochar co-pyrolyzed with slag. The slag dosage was consistent at 7.5% for all samples to immobilize different heavy metals. High-temperature pyrolysis (600–700 °C) promoted the immobilization of Cr and Pb, while lower pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C) favored the stabilization of Zn. The appropriate residence time was determined to be 15 min for Zn and Cr, and 60 min for Pb, across all samples. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) characterization revealed that all the samples exhibited a mesoporous structure dominated by a type IV isothermal profile. Additionally, the biochar demonstrated the largest specific surface area (69.48 m²/g) after pyrolysis at 500 °C. XRD (X-ray diffractometer) characterization indicated that the addition of slag facilitated the formation of crystals composed of Ca–Si-based substances bound to heavy metals. FTIR spectroscopy tests revealed that the addition of slag resulted in a reduction in the intensity of the O–H telescoping vibration peaks, which in turn promoted the formation of aromatic and epoxide structures and enhanced heavy metal stabilization. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that slag can form covalent bonds with Zn, reducing the volatilization risk of Zn species during pyrolysis. The experimental and simulation findings presented in this paper provide new insights into the management of heavy metals in the sludge pyrolysis process.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"577 - 589"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a solid recovered fuel for prediction of its thermal degradation","authors":"Sylvie Valin,&nbsp;Tiphaine Benoist,&nbsp;Sylvain Salvador","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00258-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00258-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective is to characterize one solid recovered fuel (SRF) and to determine a mixture of model components to represent each of its fractions, both in terms of elemental composition and thermal degradation kinetics. The SRF was first sorted into fractions: hard plastic (21%, mass fraction), soft plastic (12%), wood (15%), paper and cardboard (13%), textile (11%), elastomer (6%), foam (4%), expanded polystyrene (PS, 3%), inert (6%) and fine particles (9%). The SRF fractions and selected model components were characterized in detail via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results confirmed the relevance or presence of a list of model components for each fraction. In the second step, the mass fractions of the model components in the mixtures were calculated for each SRF fraction, with a mathematical optimization method based only on the elemental analysis results. These mixtures succeeded in representing the compositions of the fractions, both for organic and inorganic elements. The hard plastic fraction mainly contains polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) at 38.6% each, as do PS (5.0%) and polyvinylchloride (PVC, 10.9%). The soft plastic fraction is well represented by PE. The textile fraction is complex and includes cotton (15.0%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 40.5%), PP (20.9%), and acrylic (5.2%). The fine particle fraction is rich in pollutants: soil (29.8%), plaster (20.3%), and glass wool (5.0%). The consideration of these fine particles in the SRF composition is thus crucial for determining the sources of inorganic elements.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"591 - 609"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of activated carbon from waste mushroom sticks via a two-step supercritical carbon dioxide pyrolysis and KOH activation method","authors":"Ke Tian,&nbsp;Xiaoran Rong,&nbsp;Jiangang Jiang,&nbsp;Qingang Xiong,&nbsp;Hui Jin","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00259-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00259-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the problems of insufficient pore structure regulation and low yield in the preparation of biomass activated carbon (AC), a new method for the preparation of AC precursors based on supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO₂) pretreatment was developed in this study. High-performance AC adsorbent materials were systematically prepared from waste mushroom sticks (MSs) by supercritical CO₂ pretreatment combined with KOH activation process. The regulation of the pore structure of the AC materials by the pretreatment and activation process parameters was investigated, and the results showed that the pretreatment technology could significantly improve the adsorption performance and the preparation yield of the AC. Compared with direct activation of the MSs, the maximum yield increased by 4.31 times, the maximal pore volume increased by 25.24%, and the maximal specific surface area increased by 16.12%. The optimal conditions for the preparation of AC were as follows: activation temperature of 700 °C, carbon to KOH ratio of 1:3, and activation time of 100 min.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"611 - 624"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of gangue fine aggregate strengthening technologies: microbially induced mineralization, water glass strengthening, and composite strengthening","authors":"Chunhua Feng,&nbsp;Linpeng Pan,&nbsp;Ning Li,&nbsp;Yu Chen,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Zhao,&nbsp;Fang Liu,&nbsp;Jianping Zhu,&nbsp;Mingxing Du","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00262-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00262-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When gangue is applied to cementitious materials as fine aggregate, the defects of coal gangue fine aggregate (CFA), such as large porosity, high water absorption, and high surface tension, lead to poor mechanical properties of cementitious materials, which limits its large-scale application in the construction field. In this paper, CFA was strengthened using water glass strengthening, microbial-induced mineralization strengthening, and composite strengthening methods, and the effects of the three strengthening methods on the basic properties of CFA, the mechanical properties of mortar, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) were explored. The strengthening mechanism was investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), nanoindentation, and other testing methods. The three strengthening methods were evaluated based on the basic principles of life cycle assessment (LCA). Microbial-induced mineralization can utilize the biological activity of bacteria to achieve targeted repair of the tiny pores of aggregates. Water glass strengthening fills CFA pores and coats the CFA surface with a substance such as a gel produced by the water glass. A composite strengthening treatment can utilize the synergistic reinforcement effect of two single treatments to improve the basic properties of the aggregate. The apparent density of the reinforced CFA increased by 7.69%, the water absorption decreased by 13.07%, and the crushing index decreased by 73.67%. The 3 d compressive strength of the cement mortar prepared with CFA reinforced with composites increased by 44.58%, the 28 d compressive strength increased by 15.43%, and the width of the mortar ITZ decreased from 60 to 30 µm. Water glass strengthening has a smaller environmental impact than microbial strengthening does composite strengthening, and composite strengthening produces an environmental impact that is the sum of the two single strengthening methods.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"731 - 751"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing clean combustible syngas production: an interpretable machine learning framework for biomass and plastic co-gasification","authors":"Ning Guo,&nbsp;Yixian Xue,&nbsp;Yuan Liu,&nbsp;Lingyu Tai,&nbsp;Wenchao Ma","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00256-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00256-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomass–plastic co-gasification is an effective approach for producing clean and renewable energy and achieving sustainable development. However, the thermochemical reactions involved are complex, and the components of the gaseous products strongly depend on feedstock properties and operating conditions. Conducting conventional co-gasification experiments to produce syngas with high yield and desirable quality is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this context, machine learning algorithms were employed to predict the production of syngas components (CO₂, CO, H₂, CH₄, hydrocarbons of C₂–C₄ (C_<i>n</i>H_<i>m</i>), and hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio (H₂/CO)). Among the tested models, the category boosting (CatBoost) algorithm provided the best prediction performance for all output variables with coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) values of 0.80–0.94 and root mean square error (RMSE) values of 2.46–6.99 on the test set. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis indicated that temperature, steam/fuel ratio (S/F), biomass fixed carbon content, biomass proportion in feedstock, plastic hydrogen and oxygen content, and ash content are the most important factors influencing the yields of syngas components. High temperature promotes the conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ to H₂ and CO, while a higher S/F suppresses the formation of H₂ and CO. A higher biomass proportion increases CO₂ yield but decreases C_<i>n</i>H_<i>m</i> yield and the H₂/CO. The ash content of plastics serves as a valuable and representative proxy for both volatile matter and fixed carbon. These findings help deepen the understanding of key driving mechanisms in the gasification process, guide experimental design and process optimization, and enable targeted regulation of product yields, thereby improving syngas quality and utilization efficiency.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"561 - 576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable biochar ferrite nanocomposites for high performance electrochemical energy storage systems","authors":"Diksha Palariya,&nbsp;Arun Bughani,&nbsp;Mohammad Aziz,&nbsp;Jyoti Maheshwari,&nbsp;Mohammad Ghulam Haider Zaidi,&nbsp;Sameena Mehtab","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00257-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00257-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanostructured electrode materials, known for their exceptional electrochemical properties, are pivotal in advancing high-performance energy storage devices to address increasing global energy demands. A biochar ferrite nanocomposite (NC) was synthesized via ultrasonication and utilized to synthesize working electrodes (WEs) for energy storage applications. The prepared NC and electrodes were thoroughly characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultra violet diffused reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, along with electrical and electrochemical techniques. WEs were fabricated by coating slurries of NC and polyvinyl butyral in <i>N</i>-methyl-2-pyrrolidone onto mild steel current collectors (CCs), and the WEs with the highest electrical conductivity were selected for further electrochemical analysis. Key electrochemical parameters, including specific capacitance (<i>C</i>_s, F/g), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and direct current conductivity (DC) polarization, were studied in a 1.0 mol/L KOH solution with reference to the Ag/AgCl electrode. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the NC modified electrode achieved a <i>C</i>_s of 570.60 F/g at a scan rate of 25 mV/s, within the potential range of 0–0.6 V. This value is higher than that of many conventional biochar-based (<i>C</i>_s ~300–400 F/g) or ferrite-based composite electrodes (<i>C</i>_s ~400–500 F/g). Moreover, the cycling stability of 99.93% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles is superior to that of several reported supercapacitor electrodes, which often exhibit a retention of ~90%–95% over similar cycling conditions. EIS data, along with potentiodynamic polarization and morphological evaluations, demonstrated the enhanced electrochemical stability of the selected electrode, which exhibited a low corrosion rate of 0.02 mm/a. This work holds promising potential for developing advanced and sustainable energy storage systems, addressing the growing global demand for efficient and durable supercapacitor technologies.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"653 - 672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deodorized refuse derived and pellet fuel production through liquid smoke and drying treatment","authors":"Rizal Alamsyah,&nbsp;Nina Konitat Supriatna,&nbsp;Samdi Yarsono,&nbsp;Lan Marakkup Tua Nainggolan,&nbsp;Agus Kismanto,&nbsp;Nunuy Nurjanah,&nbsp;Alfonsus Agus Raksodewanto,&nbsp;Prima Zuldian,&nbsp;Fahruddin Joko Ermada,&nbsp;Nabila Aprianti,&nbsp;Oni Fariza,&nbsp;Raden Ibrahim Purawiardi,&nbsp;Dheni Mita Mala,&nbsp;Dianta Mustofa Kamal","doi":"10.1007/s42768-025-00254-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42768-025-00254-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Municipal solid waste (MSW) management faces persistent challenges from odour emissions driven by high moisture content and microbial activity. Despite extensive studies on mechanical and biological treatments, there remains a significant research gap in rapid, low-energy deodorization methods applicable before waste-to-fuel conversion. This study introduces a novel integration of coconut shell-derived liquid smoke treatment and a two-step drying process (sun and rotary drying) to deodorize MSW and convert it into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) pellets. A 5% liquid smoke solution was sprayed onto the waste to inhibit microbial growth, followed by sun drying (reducing moisture from 30% to ~14%) and rotary drying at 35–40 °C for 2 h, achieving a final moisture content below 12%. The treated waste is then ground, sieved (20-mesh), and densified into RDF pellets. Microbial analysis revealed a significant reduction in odour-causing bacteria, including <i>Salmonella</i> sp., <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The resulting RDF pellets had a calorific value of 18,480 kJ/kg with a moisture content of 11.5%, meeting the requirements of DIN 51731 and SNI 8966:2021. Compared with conventional bio-drying, this approach significantly shortens the drying time (from 4–5 d to 7 h) and improves both hygiene and fuel performance. By addressing this overlooked stage in MSW processing, this study contributes new insights for researchers, policymakers, and urban waste managers. The findings support more informed decision-making, promote environmentally conscious waste management, and provide a scalable, practical solution for reducing landfill reliance while producing clean energy from solid waste.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":807,"journal":{"name":"Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy","volume":"7 4","pages":"673 - 688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}