Trees最新文献

{"title":"Vessel anatomy of urban Celtis occidentalis trees varies to favour safety or efficiency depending on site conditions","authors":"Kaisa Rissanen,&nbsp;Valentina Vitali,&nbsp;Daniel Kneeshaw,&nbsp;Alain Paquette","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02603-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02603-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Urban trees can acclimate to their growth environment through changes in vessel anatomy. Vessel lumen area and vessel frequency following a gradient from park trees to inner-city street trees.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Urban trees stand in potentially stressful growth environments occurring along gradients of urban heat and impermeable surface cover and, to survive, can adjust their function and structure. The consequent tree-to-tree variations in hydraulic xylem traits can shed light on tree hydraulics and capacity to acclimate to diverse conditions, as well as identify limitations to tree growth and survival. Using microscopic analysis of increment cores, we compared early wood vessel traits of the ring-porous angiosperm <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> in three urban site types: central streets, residential streets and parks, within the city of Montreal. We explored differences in vessel traits (mean vessel lumen area, vessel frequency, vessel grouping index and derived variables) between site types, vessel trait intercorrelations and correlations with monthly temperature, precipitation and heat-moisture index over 10 years. The vessel traits significantly differed between site types. Park trees had the largest and central street trees had the smallest vessel lumen area and theoretical hydraulic conductivity; traits supporting efficient water transport. Central street trees had the largest vessel frequency and smallest theoretical vulnerability to cavitation; traits connected to hydraulic safety. Residential street tree traits were in between. Among central and residential street trees, water transport efficiency traits correlated positively with cool springs or arid summers, whereas among park trees, mainly vessel frequency and grouping index responded to climate variations. These results highlight the capacity of <i>C. occidentalis</i> to acclimate to urban environments and the potential of anatomical traits for quantifying the effects of urban environments on tree functioning.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-025-02603-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The differences between clones of witches’ brooms and their seed progeny are determined by the age status of maternal plants","authors":"Sergey Goroshkevich,&nbsp;Evgeniya Zhuk,&nbsp;Galina Ivolina","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02604-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02604-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Clones originating from the young seed progeny of mutational witches’ broom have a compact crown and no flowering phenotype caused by the combined effect of the mutation and biological age of the source plant material.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Mutational witches’ broom (WB), which is formed on trees, is a bud sport that has a modified crown structure. Phenotypically, it differs from the normal crown part in its high density, abundant branching and usually shorter needles. Grafted WBs have a high ornamental value and are propagated for landscaping purposes. WB seed progeny and their clones have also been successfully used in breeding for a long time. However, it is still unknown how the two types of clones differ from each other. To reveal the differences, a comparative analysis of clones from the original mature 170–200-year-old trees of <i>Pinus sibirica</i> with cone-bearing WBs and clones from the 9-year-old mutant seed progeny was carried out in the uniform environment of a common garden. Unlike the initial WB clones, the derivative clones did not flower, which was the most pronounced influence of the age of the source plant material. The growth of derivative WB clones was also affected by the age of the source plant material, which reduced linear growth in addition to the mutation. They were 1.5 times less than in the initial clones, and their crowns were even more compact due to the decreased branching threshold and apical dominance. Significant variation was observed amongst groups of derivative clones derived from different saplings in the progeny of an original WB. The obvious source of the variation was the effect of recombination in the WB seed progeny, which gave rise to the clones. Thus, the influence of the age of the source plant material is fully manifested in the WB of <i>Pinus sibirica</i>, just as it occurs in normal trees. Together with great variation in morphological traits, this made the WB seed progeny an almost inexhaustible source of material for ornamental breeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of seed desiccation sensitivity between Quercus chenii and Q.acutissima","authors":"Haiyan Chen,&nbsp;Jiekun Liu,&nbsp;Yongbao Shen","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02607-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02607-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Seed morphological traits and antioxidant defense mechanisms determine desiccation sensitivity differences between Quercus species, enabling development of species-specific seed storage protocols.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Despite extensive research on the desiccation sensitivity of <i>Quercus</i> seeds, the factors and physiological mechanisms driving interspecific variations remain poorly understood. This study investigated the differences in desiccation sensitivity between <i>Q. chenii</i> and <i>Q. acutissima</i> seeds by examining the effects of desiccation on seed moisture content, detecting reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant enzyme activities, soluble sugars and proteins, and exploring the relationships among initial seed traits, water loss rates, and seed viability. Results showed that despite similar initial moisture content (41.9% for <i>Q. chenii</i> and 42.9% for <i>Q. acutissima</i>), <i>Q. acutissima</i> seeds exhibited more rapid water loss under identical desiccation conditions (same seed: silica gel ratio and temperature), primarily due to their larger scar area and seed mass, leading to a decline in germination percentage below 80% within just 7 days, while <i>Q. chenii</i> seeds maintained high germination percentage for up to 27 days. Regarding physiological mechanisms, <i>Q. chenii</i> seeds demonstrated a more efficient antioxidant defense system, characterized by higher superoxide dismutase activity and early increased catalase activity, which effectively reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation. Additionally, <i>Q. chenii</i> showed significantly increased soluble protein content during early desiccation stages. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of desiccation sensitivity mechanisms and their interspecific variations in recalcitrant seeds, providing physiological bases for optimizing recalcitrant seed conservation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Autumn phenology of mountain birch at the sub‑arctic treeline in comparison with silver birch in the cold and mild temperate zone","authors":"Paolo Zuccarini,&nbsp;Friederike Gehrmann,&nbsp;Manuela Balzarolo,&nbsp;Omar Flores,&nbsp;Jozica Gricar,&nbsp;Bertold Mariën,&nbsp;Matteo Campioli","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02602-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02602-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A non-native pathogen meets a native host: Austropuccinia psidii infection reduces photosynthesis and alters non-structural carbohydrates in seedlings of Metrosideros excelsa","authors":"Hoa Nguyen,&nbsp;Peter J. Bellingham,&nbsp;Mahajabeen Padamsee,&nbsp;Luitgard Schwendenmann","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02593-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02593-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> infection and increase in diseased leaf area resulted in a reduction of photosynthesis, an upregulation of stomatal conductance, and an increase in leaf starch and sucrose content.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p><i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> is a biotrophic rust pathogen that causes myrtle rust, affecting over 480 species in the Myrtaceae family. The development of chlorotic and necrotic leaf areas following <i>A. psidii</i> infection has been shown to affect leaf gas exchange. In this study, we quantified photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and non-structural carbohydrates in seedlings of a long-lived tree, <i>Metrosideros excelsa</i> (pōhutukawa), following <i>A. psidii</i> infection in a glasshouse experiment (infected and control seedlings) conducted over 20 weeks. The diseased leaf area rose from 8% in week 2 to 95% in week 20 after <i>A. psidii</i> inoculation. The photosynthetic rate declined by over 90% within 6 weeks after inoculation and was associated with biochemical damage in CO₂ fixation. Stomatal conductance decreased over the first 4 weeks after inoculation and then increased. An increase in lesions and necrotic cells may inhibit stomatal regulation. Starch content was threefold higher in infected than control leaves 20 weeks after inoculation. Increased starch accumulation in the infected leaf area could be due to reduced export of newly fixed carbon from the infected leaves. Meanwhile, glucose + fructose content was 31% lower in infected leaves at the experiment’s end, likely because of leaf necrosis. If the pathogen-induced damage and loss of leaves, reduction in photosynthesis and changes in non-structural carbohydrates shown in this study also occur in wild <i>M. excelsa</i> seedlings and reduces their biomass, this may in turn reduce their competitive ability in the primary successions that they currently often dominate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02593-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143109244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bark thickness variation in five young South African-grown Pinus species and hybrids","authors":"Scovia Akello,&nbsp;David M. Drew,&nbsp;Bruno M. Balboni,&nbsp;Coenraad Brand Wessels","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02596-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02596-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Understanding bark allocation in juvenile stages of commercially viable</b> <b><i>Pinus</i></b> <b>trees can be useful in dating wood formation, thus improving the accuracy of correlating wood quality to environmental factors.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Bark is an important and multifunctional part of plant anatomy that has been researched mostly in the context of fire history, timber resource assessments and more recently as a bioresource. Few studies have comprehensively examined bark thickness in some commercially valuable <i>Pinus</i> species. More importantly, the role of bark in accurately dating wood formation has seldom been researched. This study was conducted to model and compare bark thickness variation between different species of young South African-grown <i>Pinus</i> trees including <i>Pinus radiata</i> var. radiata D. Don., <i>Pinus elliottii</i> Engelm., <i>Pinus elliottii</i> × <i>Pinus caribaea</i> var. hondurensis<i>, Pinus patula</i> × <i>Pinus tecunumanii</i> (Low Elevation), and <i>Pinus patula</i> × <i>Pinus tecunumanii</i> (High Elevation). Measurements were taken at 1.6 and 2.3 years including absolute and relative bark thickness and distribution along the stem. Results showed species-specific variation in absolute and relative bark thickness with the highest means recorded in <i>Pinus elliottii</i> × <i>Pinus caribaea</i> and lowest in <i>Pinus radiata</i>. A positive linear relationship was observed between bark thickness and diameter, consistent with all species and ages. Absolute bark thickness decreased along the stem from bottom to top while more nuanced patterns of variation were observed for relative bark thickness. These findings underscore the importance of understanding bark thickness in young trees for various applications, including dating wood formation, anticipatory breeding strategies for quality wood and predicting stand quality among others.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02596-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new approach for quantification of total above-ground heartwood and sapwood volume of trees","authors":"Georgios Arseniou,&nbsp;David W. MacFarlane,&nbsp;Pasi Raumonen","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02597-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02597-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>Terrestrial laser scanning data of trees combined with models of heartwood content proportion of woody disks can provide\u0000precise characterization of total aboveground tree sapwood and heartwood volume.</b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Quantifying sapwood and heartwood content of trees is challenging. Previous studies have primarily characterized main stem wood composition, while branches have rarely been studied. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) can provide precise representations of the entire above-ground tree structure, non-destructively, to help estimate total tree sapwood and heartwood volume. In this study, we used TLS to scan above-ground portions of twenty-four open-grown, urban <i>Gleditsia triacanthos</i> trees on Michigan State University campus. TLS data were used to generate quantitative structure models that provided comprehensive characterizations of the total tree woody surface area (WSA) and volume. A subsample of trees was harvested (after scanning) and main stem and branch woody disks were collected to build models of heartwood content proportion. Models were applied to measurements from TLS to quantify complete heartwood and sapwood volume of each tree, including main stem and branches. From the base to the top of the trees, the largest portion of stem vertical cumulative volume was heartwood, whereas vertical cumulative volume of branches showed the opposite pattern. Absolute heartwood volume declined monotonically toward zero from stem base to stem top, while absolute sapwood volume declined sharply from stem base up to near the crown base and then remained relatively constant within crown. We also found that tree WSA increased with sapwood volume for both branches and main stem. This study developed a novel, general method for quantifying total aboveground sapwood and heartwood volume of trees and provided new insights into urban tree growth and structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02597-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance of Pinus pinea to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus explained by the dynamic response of phytohormones, antioxidant activity, and stress-related gene expression","authors":"Marta Nunes da Silva,&nbsp;Carla S. Santos,&nbsp;Alejandro Solla,&nbsp;Jordi Gamir,&nbsp;Victor Flors,&nbsp;Luis Sampedro,&nbsp;Rafael Zas,&nbsp;Marta W. Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02594-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02594-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>The effects of MJ on pine trees are species-specific and trigger a resistant phenotype to the PWN. A more dynamic response of hormones and gene expression in <i>Pinus pinea</i> explains the high resistance to <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> of this species.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Knowledge on hormonal and genetic mechanisms of pine trees in response to the pinewood nematode (PWN; <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>) is limited. To describe tree defence strategies against <i>B. xylophilus</i>, this study used the plant stress hormone methyl jasmonate (MJ) on four pine species with different susceptibility (<i>Pinus pinaster</i> &lt; <i>P. radiata</i> ≈ <i>P. sylvestris</i> &lt; <i>P. pinea</i>). Three-year-old trees were sprayed with MJ at 0, 25, and 50 mM, and 2 months later challenged with the PWN. Multiple samples were taken to assess nematode content, oxidative stress, secondary metabolites, phytohormone levels, and stress-related gene expression. Nematode infestation in trees correlated negatively with the water content of needles and phenolics of stems, and positively with the concentration of indole-3-carboxylic acid in stems. MJ spray reduced in a dose-dependent manner the nematode content in <i>P. pinaster</i> and <i>P. sylvestris</i>. The effects of MJ were species-specific, although a more pronounced impact was observed in the susceptible <i>P. pinaster</i> species, leading to a decrease of chlorophyll and water loss and to the upregulation of the gene involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids (<i>AFS</i>). After MJ spray, increased levels of JA-Ile were observed in <i>P. pinea</i> only. Hormone profiling, predisposition to activate antioxidant response, and gene expression in <i>P. pinea</i> trees provide evidence of why this species is highly resistant to <i>B. xylophilus</i>. On the contrary, the lack of effective hormonal changes in <i>P. pinaster</i> explained the lack of defence responses to <i>B. xylophilus</i> of this susceptible species. This study is a first approach to explore biochemical, molecular, and hormonal interactions between <i>Pinus</i> species and the PWN, and presents unprecedented insights into alterations induced by exogenous MJ in regulating defence mechanisms in pine trees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02594-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate signal age effects in Pinus uncinata tree-ring density data from the Spanish Pyrenees","authors":"Sophie Spelsberg,&nbsp;Ulf Büntgen,&nbsp;Inga K. Homfeld,&nbsp;Marcel Kunz,&nbsp;Edurne Martinez del Castillo,&nbsp;Ernesto Tejedor,&nbsp;Max Torbenson,&nbsp;Emanuele Ziaco,&nbsp;Jan Esper","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02598-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02598-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p><b>The temperature sensitivity of maximum latewood density measurements in pine trees from a high-elevation site in the Spanish Pyrenees increases with tree age. Detrending modulates the intensity of the effect. </b></p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Tree-rings are the prime archive for high-resolution climate information over the past two millennia. However, the accuracy of annually resolved reconstructions from tree-rings can be constrained by what is known as climate signal age effects (CSAE), encompassing changes in the sensitivity of tree growth to climate over their lifespans. Here, we evaluate CSAE in <i>Pinus uncinata</i> from an upper tree line site in the Spanish central Pyrenees, Lake Gerber, which became a key location for reconstructing western Mediterranean summer temperatures at annual resolution. We use tree-ring width (TRW) and maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements from 50 pine trees with individual ages ranging from 7 to 406 years. For MXD, temperature sensitivity increases significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) with tree age from <i>r</i> = 0.31 in juvenile rings with a cambial age &lt; 100 years to <i>r</i> = 0.49 in adult rings &gt; 100 years. Similar CSAE are not detected in TRW, likely affected by the overall lower temperature signal (<i>r</i>_TRW = 0.45 <i>vs. r</i>_MXD = 0.81 from 1951 to 2020). The severity of CSAE is influenced by the approach used to remove ontogenetic trends, highlighting the need to assess and consider potential biases during tree-ring standardization. Our findings reveal CSAE to add uncertainty in MXD-based climate reconstructions in the Mediterranean. We recommend studying CSAE by sampling diverse age classes in dendroclimatic field campaigns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00468-024-02598-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and climate drive resin production in Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea","authors":"Mikael Moura,&nbsp;Filipe Campelo,&nbsp;Ana Carvalho,&nbsp;Cristina Nabais,&nbsp;Núria Garcia-Forner","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02578-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02578-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Resin production and growth in <i>Pinus pinaster</i> and <i>Pinus pinea</i> show a trade-off under varying environmental conditions, impacting future resin yields under climate change.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Resin production in pines constitutes an important defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic factors, and it is also an important forestry product. In Portugal, resin is mainly extracted from <i>Pinus pinaster</i> and to a lesser extent from <i>Pinus pinea</i>, the two most widespread pine species in the country. The resin tapping season coincides with the growing season, from spring to autumn. Thus, growth and resin production may compete for carbon, although their response to environmental conditions can differ. This study investigates how the daily growth and biweekly resin production of <i>P. pinaster</i> and <i>P. pinea</i> in a mixed stand respond to environment over the 2021 growing season. During the resin tapping period, growth of both species showed a positive correlation with temperature, soil moisture, air relative humidity and radiation. Resin yield of both species showed a positive relation with soil temperature, and a negative relation with growth, suggesting a trade-off between growth and resin yield. Our results indicate that both growth and resin yield increase with temperature, with growth being more sensitive to soil moisture and relative humidity. Under a scenario of rising temperatures and precipitation reduction, both functions (growth and resin yield) are expected to be affected positively. However, resin production depends on carbon assimilation and allocation, both of which are reduced or altered during periods of extreme drought. This can lead to increasing competition for carbon allocation between growth, storage and resin yield, making resin yield responses to climate change scenarios uncertain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}