Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology最新文献

A Realistic Strategy for Fighting Malaria in Africa 在非洲抗击疟疾的现实战略

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1179/136485910X12851868779821

W. Peters

{"title":"A Realistic Strategy for Fighting Malaria in Africa","authors":"W. Peters","doi":"10.1179/136485910X12851868779821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485910X12851868779821","url":null,"abstract":"In 1955 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched its global campaign to eradicate malaria, essentially on the basis of two novelties. The first was the application of two chemicals: DDT to kill mosquitoes and chloroquine to overcome the malarial parasites in people. The second was the construction, by George Macdonald, of an ingenious mathematical formula to correlate the epidemiological factors that underlie the transmission of malaria. The use of the chemicals had led to some preliminary success in managing malaria in a small number of areas with relatively limited intensities of malarial transmission. The formula was designed to provide a measure of the levels of change in several malariarelated factors that would facilitate the total interruption of malarial transmission. Malaria eradication became the ‘holy grail’ to which we all aspired. Following a visit across the African continent from west to east, your reviewer — who was, like Jobin, deeply involved in this effort — once said to a journalist (in retrospect, unwisely): ‘I set off (in 1953) to Liberia with a bucket of DDT in one hand and a bottle of chloroquine in the other to eradicate malaria. I returned to the continent nearly two decades later and almost nothing had changed’. I was equally unwise to conclude, in a report that I wrote in 1960 for the WHO, that, with the means then at our disposal, to eradicate malaria from Africa was impossible. As a result of making this statement, I became virtually persona non grata in Geneva for a very long time. In this book, which the author calls a ‘polemic’, Jobin comes to a similar conclusion half a century later. His argument, emerging from his lifetime involvement in the management of malaria as both a practitioner and administrator, is based essentially on the increasing evidence of the vital role that human fallibility plays in the limited success that has met all major attempts to achieve malaria eradication. What Jobin does not specifically point out is that, for all its ingenuity and mathematical logic, the Macdonald formula omitted one crucial factor: the mentality of Homo sapiens. Since the 1950s a wealth of technological progress has been made at all levels in our knowledge of malaria, with the development of new forms of therapy and new insecticides to kill the vectors and the investigation of the molecular biology of the parasites and the molecular nature of immunity to malarial infection. During the past decade there has been an awakening of the developed world to the cost of malaria, in terms of human suffering and its impact on social and economic development. This has given rise to an unprecedented, exponential increase in the level of financial support for research into ways of reducing the burden of malaria, and some (as-yet limited) successes have been achieved. Unfortunately, as Jobin points out, the challenge of reducing malarial transmission, particularly on the African continent, remains little changed. No longer do","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82104615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mosquitoes and their Control 蚊子及其防治

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2010-12-01 DOI: 10.1179/136485910X12851868780306

M. Service

{"title":"Mosquitoes and their Control","authors":"M. Service","doi":"10.1179/136485910X12851868780306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485910X12851868780306","url":null,"abstract":"So how does this new edition of Mosquitoes and their Control differ from the first, which was published 7 years ago and also reviewed in the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (98, 429)? There is a new coauthor (Minoo Madon) and there are now colour photographs, more line-drawings and tables, and a considerable reorganization and expansion of Part IV, on control. The most significant change — the inclusion of brief taxonomic keys for the identification of non-European mosquitoes — was apparently made in response to criticism that, as a title for the first edition, Mosquitoes and their Control was misleading because the book only covered European mosquitoes. I understand that, after considerable discussion, the authors opted to create new chapters and present taxonomic keys to the adult females of selected species from Africa, Asia, Australia and Central, South and North America. Given the vast number of mosquito species in these areas, it is not surprising that only those that are important vectors and/or cause serious biting problems are included. I do, however, find this subjective approach rather unsatisfactory. I wonder whether the additional brief accounts of non-European mosquitoes are relevant in a book whose raison d’être is (or, at least, was) to provide more information on European mosquitoes. The largest section (41%) of the book is still devoted to the identification, morphology, biology, medical importance and distribution of European mosquitoes, and I think it would have been better if the title had simply been changed to European Mosquitoes and their Control. There is a list of known mosquito species in Europe (pages xix–xxi) but even more useful is the list of new generic names and the years in which they were adopted (pages 6 and 7). Many familiar names disappear. Ochlerotatus japonicus, for example, is now Hulecoeteomyia japonica, and Oc. geniculatus becomes Dahliana geniculata. Not everyone likes, or even accepts, the elevation of some former subgenera. The authors use of ‘Aedes/Ochlerotatus’ for Aedes and Ochlerotatus species that were previously in the genus Aedes, and ‘Aedes albopictus [Stegomyia albopicta]’ — with the older and more widely recognised species name followed, in brackets, by the new name — I found useful. Unfortunately, some anomalies remain. ‘Ochlerotatus (Mucidus) alternans’, for example, is still used as a heading on page 357, with no explanation that this taxon has become Mucidus (Mucidus) alternans. I think this shows the difficulties that can arise, especially for non-taxonomists, when so many subgenera are upgraded to generic status. Chapter 5 of Part I gives a good account of the morphology of the adults, pupae and larvae of mosquitoes, while chapters 6–10 of Part II present very-clearly-illustrated taxonomic keys for the identification of adult females and males, pupae and fourth-instar larvae of European mosquitoes. Part IV, which deals with mosquito control, has been considerably updated. ","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80459422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Frontispiece — Dr Michael Chance 封面——迈克尔·吉斯博士

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/atm.2010.104.1.1

引用次数: 0

George Stanley Nelson 乔治·斯坦利·纳尔逊

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1179/136485909X440809

M. Service, C. Macpherson

{"title":"George Stanley Nelson","authors":"M. Service, C. Macpherson","doi":"10.1179/136485909X440809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485909X440809","url":null,"abstract":"George Nelson was one of the great medical parasitologists of the 20th Century, and among the last members of an elite group of British expatriates who helped control the parasitic deseases of colonial Africa. His many and varied contributions were based on a deep, broad and practical understanding of the subject, an ability to think ‘outside of the box’, and his skill in communicating, both verbally and on paper. Several of his publications have become parasitological classics, and some of his novel ideas have stimulated many others to investigate them further. Born in Kendal (Cumbria, U.K.) on 27 November 1923, George was his parents’ second child, later becoming one of the family’s four children; his two brothers and sister all predeceased him. He attended Heversham Grammar School in the Lake District, initially as a day boy but later becoming a boarder. He became head boy and was selected to play rugby for the England under 16s, gaining a cap playing against Wales at Cardiff Arms Park. Whilst at school, George developed a keen interest in natural history, especially in ornithology — an enthusiasm he retained throughout his life. George chose at an early age to study medicine and after school matriculated into the School of Medicine at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 1948 he received his M.B. and Ch.B. and was awarded medals in anatomy, physiology, pathology and medicine. In 1952 George demonstrated his flair for tropical medicine by being the recipient of the Milne Medal on the completion of the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. In 1956 he obtained his M.D. from St Andrews and was awarded the University Gold Medal. In 1960 he took the Diploma in Applied Parasitology and Entomology examination at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, while in 1966 he received his D.Sc. from St Andrews. He later became F.R.C.Path. and in 1981 went on to earn his F.R.C.P. at London University. From 1948–1949 George was a house physician at the Dundee Royal Infirmary, and it was in Dundee that he met his future wife Sheila, a nurse, whom he married on 25 August 1951 in Nairobi Cathedral. They were to have four children, two of whom, Alan and Patricia, were born in Kampala, Uganda, whereas Timothy was born in Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, Vol. 103, No. 4, 369–372 (2009)","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78414109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Dr Brian Coulter M.D., F.R.C.P.(I.), F.R.C.P.C.H. Brian Coulter博士，F.R.C.P.(i)， f.r.c.p.h.

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/atm.2009.103.1.1

引用次数: 0

Obituary — R. S. Bray, 1923–2008 讣告——r.s.布雷，1923-2008

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.1179/136485908X337571

R. Ashford, J. R. Baker

引用次数: 1

Afterword 后记

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2008-09-01 DOI: 10.1179/136485908x311885

Anna C. Souchuk

引用次数: 0

Professor D. H. Molyneux D. H. Molyneux教授

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/atm.2008.102.1.1

引用次数: 1

Professor Marcel Hommel, M.D., Ph.D. 马塞尔·霍梅尔教授，医学博士，博士。

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1179/atm.2007.101.1.1

引用次数: 0

Norman Gratz (1925–2005) 诺曼·格拉茨(1925-2005)

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology Pub Date : 2006-03-01 DOI: 10.1179/136485906x86329

M. Service

引用次数: 0