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Annual review of genetics最新文献

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Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Pathogens. 病原体的表型异质性
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102459
Jessica Sherry, E Hesper Rego
{"title":"Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Pathogens.","authors":"Jessica Sherry, E Hesper Rego","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pathogen diversity within an infected organism has traditionally been explored through the lens of genetic heterogeneity. Hallmark studies have characterized how genetic diversity within pathogen subpopulations contributes to treatment escape and infectious disease progression. However, recent studies have begun to reveal the mechanisms by which phenotypic heterogeneity is established within genetically identical populations of invading pathogens. Furthermore, exciting new work highlights how these phenotypically heterogeneous subpopulations contribute to a pathogen population better equipped to handle the complex and fluctuating environment of a host organism. In this review, we focus on how bacterial pathogens, including <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, establish and maintain phenotypic heterogeneity, and we explore recent work demonstrating causative links between this heterogeneity and infection outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141858886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regulatory Networks Underlying Plant Responses and Adaptation to Cold Stress. 植物应对和适应寒冷胁迫的调控网络。
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102226
Yanglin Ding, Yiting Shi, Shuhua Yang
{"title":"Regulatory Networks Underlying Plant Responses and Adaptation to Cold Stress.","authors":"Yanglin Ding, Yiting Shi, Shuhua Yang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cold is a key determinant for plant growth and flowering time as well as an important environmental factor limiting plant growth and development. Recent studies have revealed the complex regulatory networks associated with plant responses to cold and identified their interconnections with signaling pathways related to light, the circadian clock, plant hormones, and pathogen defense. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of cold perception and signal transduction pathways. We also summarize recent developments in the study of cold-responsive growth and flowering. Finally, we propose future directions for the study of long-term cold sensing, RNA secondary structures in response to cold, and the development of cold-tolerant and high-yield crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141632487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recombination Rate Variation in Social Insects: An Adaptive Perspective. 社会性昆虫的重组率变异：适应性视角。
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102550
Timothy J DeLory, Jonathan Romiguier, Olav Rueppell, Karen M Kapheim
{"title":"Recombination Rate Variation in Social Insects: An Adaptive Perspective.","authors":"Timothy J DeLory, Jonathan Romiguier, Olav Rueppell, Karen M Kapheim","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social insects have the highest rates of meiotic recombination among Metazoa, but there is considerable variation within the Hymenoptera. We synthesize the literature to investigate several hypotheses for these elevated recombination rates. We reexamine the long-standing Red Queen hypothesis, considering how social aspects of immunity could lead to increases in recombination. We examine the possibility of positive feedback between gene duplication and recombination rate in the context of caste specialization. We introduce a novel hypothesis that recombination rate may be driven up by direct selection on recombination activity in response to increases in lifespan. Finally, we find that the role of population size in recombination rate evolution remains opaque, despite the long-standing popularity of this hypothesis. Moreover, our review emphasizes how the varied life histories of social insect species provide an effective framework for advancing a broader understanding of adaptively driven variation in recombination rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plant Thermosensors. 植物温度传感器。
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102327
Jorge J Casal, Germán Murcia, Luciana Bianchimano
{"title":"Plant Thermosensors.","authors":"Jorge J Casal, Germán Murcia, Luciana Bianchimano","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102327","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants are exposed to temperature conditions that fluctuate over different time scales, including those inherent to global warming. In the face of these variations, plants sense temperature to adjust their functions and minimize the negative consequences. Transcriptome responses underlie changes in growth, development, and biochemistry (thermomorphogenesis and acclimation to extreme temperatures). We are only beginning to understand temperature sensation by plants. Multiple thermosensors convey complementary temperature information to a given signaling network to control gene expression. Temperature-induced changes in protein or transcript structure and/or in the dynamics of biomolecular condensates are the core sensing mechanisms of known thermosensors, but temperature impinges on their activities via additional indirect pathways. The diversity of plant responses to temperature anticipates that many new thermosensors and eventually novel sensing mechanisms will be uncovered soon.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Apoptotic and Nonapoptotic Cell Death in Caenorhabditis elegans Development. 草履虫发育过程中的细胞凋亡与非凋亡
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102051
Lauren Bayer Horowitz, Shai Shaham
{"title":"Apoptotic and Nonapoptotic Cell Death in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Development.","authors":"Lauren Bayer Horowitz, Shai Shaham","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential component of animal development, and aberrant cell death underlies many disorders. Understanding mechanisms that govern PCD during development can provide insight into cell death programs that are disrupted in disease. Key steps mediating apoptosis, a highly conserved cell death program employing caspase proteases, were first uncovered in the nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, a powerful model system for PCD research. Recent studies in <i>C. elegans</i> also unearthed conserved nonapoptotic caspase-independent cell death programs that function during development. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding cell death during <i>C. elegans</i> development. We review insights expanding the molecular palette behind the execution of apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death, as well as new discoveries revealing the mechanistic underpinnings of dying cell engulfment and clearance. A number of open questions are also discussed that will continue to propel the field over the coming years.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Müller Glial Cell-Dependent Regeneration of the Retina in Zebrafish and Mice. 斑马鱼和小鼠视网膜的缪勒神经胶质细胞再生
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102000
Jonathan Jui, Daniel Goldman
{"title":"Müller Glial Cell-Dependent Regeneration of the Retina in Zebrafish and Mice.","authors":"Jonathan Jui, Daniel Goldman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sight is one of our most precious senses. People fear losing their sight more than any other disability. Thus, restoring sight to the blind is an important goal of vision scientists. Proregenerative species, such as zebrafish, provide a system for studying endogenous mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. Nonregenerative species, such as mice, provide a system for testing strategies for stimulating retina regeneration. Key to retina regeneration in zebrafish and mice is the Müller glial cell, a malleable cell type that is amenable to a variety of regenerative strategies. Here, we review cellular and molecular mechanisms used by zebrafish to regenerate a retina, as well as the application of these mechanisms, and other strategies to stimulate retina regeneration in mice. Although our focus is on Müller glia (MG), niche components and their impact on MG reprogramming are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regulatory Mechanisms of Aging Through the Nutritional and Metabolic Control of Amino Acid Signaling in Model Organisms. 通过营养和代谢控制模式生物中的氨基酸信号来调节衰老机制
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102042
Fumiaki Obata, Masayuki Miura
{"title":"Regulatory Mechanisms of Aging Through the Nutritional and Metabolic Control of Amino Acid Signaling in Model Organisms.","authors":"Fumiaki Obata, Masayuki Miura","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Life activities are supported by the intricate metabolic network that is fueled by nutrients. Nutritional and genetic studies in model organisms have determined that dietary restriction and certain mutations in the insulin signaling pathway lead to lifespan extension. Subsequently, the detailed mechanisms of aging as well as various nutrient signaling pathways and their relationships have been investigated in a wide range of organisms, from yeast to mammals. This review summarizes the roles of nutritional and metabolic signaling in aging and lifespan with a focus on amino acids, the building blocks of organisms. We discuss how lifespan is affected by the sensing, transduction, and metabolism of specific amino acids and consider the influences of life stage, sex, and genetic background on the nutritional control of aging. Our goal is to enhance our understanding of how nutrients affect aging and thus contribute to the biology of aging and lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141299880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microglial Transcriptional Signatures in the Central Nervous System: Toward A Future of Unraveling Their Function in Health and Disease. 中枢神经系统的小胶质细胞转录特征:走向揭示其在健康和疾病中的功能的未来。
IF 11.1 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Epub Date: 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-022223-093643
Haley A Vecchiarelli, Marie-Ève Tremblay
{"title":"Microglial Transcriptional Signatures in the Central Nervous System: Toward A Future of Unraveling Their Function in Health and Disease.","authors":"Haley A Vecchiarelli, Marie-Ève Tremblay","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-022223-093643","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-genet-022223-093643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are primarily derived from the embryonic yolk sac and make their way to the CNS during early development. They play key physiological and immunological roles across the life span, throughout health, injury, and disease. Recent transcriptomic studies have identified gene transcript signatures expressed by microglia that may provide the foundation for unprecedented insights into their functions. Microglial gene expression signatures can help distinguish them from macrophage cell types to a reasonable degree of certainty, depending on the context. Microglial expression patterns further suggest a heterogeneous population comprised of many states that vary according to the spatiotemporal context. Microglial diversity is most pronounced during development, when extensive CNS remodeling takes place, and following disease or injury. A next step of importance for the field will be to identify the functional roles performed by these various microglial states, with the perspective of targeting them therapeutically.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Paramecium Genetics, Genomics, and Evolution. 草履虫遗传学、基因组学和进化。
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-104035
Hongan Long, Parul Johri, Jean-Francois Gout, Jiahao Ni, Yue Hao, Timothy Licknack, Yaohai Wang, Jiao Pan, Berenice Jiménez-Marín, Michael Lynch
{"title":"<i>Paramecium</i> Genetics, Genomics, and Evolution.","authors":"Hongan Long, Parul Johri, Jean-Francois Gout, Jiahao Ni, Yue Hao, Timothy Licknack, Yaohai Wang, Jiao Pan, Berenice Jiménez-Marín, Michael Lynch","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-104035","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-genet-071819-104035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ciliate genus <i>Paramecium</i> served as one of the first model systems in microbial eukaryotic genetics, contributing much to the early understanding of phenomena as diverse as genome rearrangement, cryptic speciation, cytoplasmic inheritance, and endosymbiosis, as well as more recently to the evolution of mating types, introns, and roles of small RNAs in DNA processing. Substantial progress has recently been made in the area of comparative and population genomics. <i>Paramecium</i> species combine some of the lowest known mutation rates with some of the largest known effective populations, along with likely very high recombination rates, thereby harboring a population-genetic environment that promotes an exceptionally efficient capacity for selection. As a consequence, the genomes are extraordinarily streamlined, with very small intergenic regions combined with small numbers of tiny introns. The subject of the bulk of <i>Paramecium</i> research, the ancient <i>Paramecium aurelia</i> species complex, is descended from two whole-genome duplication events that retain high degrees of synteny, thereby providing an exceptional platform for studying the fates of duplicate genes. Despite having a common ancestor dating to several hundred million years ago, the known descendant species are morphologically indistinguishable, raising significant questions about the common view that gene duplications lead to the origins of evolutionary novelties.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11334263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138443646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanisms Underlying the Formation and Evolution of Vertebrate Color Patterns. 脊椎动物颜色模式形成和进化的机制。
IF 8.7 1区 生物学
Annual review of genetics Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Epub Date: 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-031423-120918
Claudius F Kratochwil, Ricardo Mallarino
{"title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Formation and Evolution of Vertebrate Color Patterns.","authors":"Claudius F Kratochwil, Ricardo Mallarino","doi":"10.1146/annurev-genet-031423-120918","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-genet-031423-120918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of color patterns, which play critical roles in mediating intra- and interspecific communication. Because of their diversity and visual accessibility, color patterns offer a unique and fascinating window into the processes underlying biological organization. In this review, we focus on describing many of the general principles governing the formation and evolution of color patterns in different vertebrate groups. We characterize the types of patterns, review the molecular and developmental mechanisms by which they originate, and discuss their role in constraining or facilitating evolutionary change. Lastly, we outline outstanding questions in the field and discuss different approaches that can be used to address them. Overall, we provide a unifying conceptual framework among vertebrate systems that may guide research into naturally evolved mechanisms underlying color pattern formation and evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8035,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of genetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10805968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9864966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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