Antioxidants & redox signaling最新文献

{"title":"Mitochondrial-Derived Signaling Mediates Differentiation of Parietal Epithelial Cells into Podocytes.","authors":"Minzhou Wang, Wangshu Wu, Jiayue Lu, Renhua Lu, Lulin Min, Ahui Song, Bingru Zhao, Ying Li, Kewei Xie, Leyi Gu","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0580","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Aims:</i></b> Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are potential stem cells within the glomerulus, migrating into site of podocyte loss to differentiate into podocytes. Little is known about the mechanism mediating differentiation of PECs into podocytes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> <i>In vitro</i> differentiation of PECs into podocytes led to upregulation of podocyte markers such as Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT-1), Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1), synaptopodin and podocin, accompanied by increased mitochondrial abundance. Preincubation with a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor prevented all these events in PECs. <i>In vivo</i>, adriamycin (ADR)-treated mice exhibited albuminuria, decreased WT1 positive cells, and claudin-1 expressed in glomerular capillary tuft, as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) overproduction in PECs. Expression of the ROS-related molecule nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its target protein Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) increased during differentiation of PECs into podocytes. Suppressing Nrf2 or Brg1 reduced the differentiation of PECs, whereas overexpression had the opposite effect. Brg1 directly regulated WT-1 transcription in PECs. Activation of Nrf2 with bardoxolone-methyl (CDDO-Me) resulted in less proteinuria and more WT1 positive cells in ADR mice. PECs conditional human Nrf2 knock-in mice showed increased WT1 cell numbers. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> It concluded that mitochondria-derived ROS mediated differentiation of PECs into podocytes <i>via</i> Nrf2 and Brg1 signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142103734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Related Factor 2</i> and Mitochondria Form a Mutually Regulating Circuit in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome.","authors":"Jiawei Zhang, Weiqiang Lv, Guanfei Zhang, Mengqi Zeng, Wenli Cao, Jiacan Su, Ke Cao, Jiankang Liu","doi":"10.1089/ars.2023.0339","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2023.0339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Significance:</i></b> Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a major global public health problem and there is an urgent need to elucidate its pathogenesis and find more effective targets and modalities for intervention. <b><i>Recent Advances:</i></b> Oxidative stress and inflammation are two of the major causes of MetS-related symptoms such as insulin resistance and obesity. <i>Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)</i> is one of the important systems responding to oxidative stress and inflammation. As cells undergo stress, cysteines within <i>Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)</i> are oxidized or electrophilically modified, allowing <i>Nrf2</i> to escape ubiquitination and be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, facilitating the initiation of the antioxidant transcriptional program. Meanwhile, a growing body of evidence points out a specific modulation of mitochondrial homeostasis by <i>Nrf2</i>. After nuclear translocation, <i>Nrf2</i> activates downstream genes involved in various aspects of mitochondrial homeostasis, including mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, mitophagy, aerobic respiration, and energy metabolism. In turn, mitochondria reciprocally activate <i>Nrf2</i> by releasing reactive oxygen species and regulating antioxidant enzymes. <b><i>Critical Issues:</i></b> In this review, we first summarize the interactions between <i>Nrf2</i> and mitochondria in the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation to ameliorate MetS, then propose that <i>Nrf2</i> and mitochondria form a mutually regulating circuit critical to maintaining homeostasis during MetS. <b><i>Future Directions:</i></b> Targeting the <i>Nrf2</i>-mitochondrial circuit may be a promising strategy to ameliorate MetS, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"744-768"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preferential Secretion of Oxidation-Sensitive Proteins by Unconventional Pathways: Why is This Important for Inflammation?","authors":"Marco E Bianchi, Anna Rubartelli, Roberto Sitia","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0554","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Significance:</i></b> Fidelity of intercellular communication depends on unambiguous interactions between protein ligands and membrane receptors. Most proteins destined to the extracellular space adopt the required three-dimensional shape as they travel through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, and other organelles of the exocytic pathway. However, some proteins, many of which are involved in inflammation, avoid this classical secretory route and follow unconventional pathways to leave the cell. <b><i>Recent Advances:</i></b> Stringent quality control systems operate in the ER and cis-Golgi, restricting transport to native conformers, devoid of non-native disulfides and/or reactive thiols. However, some proteins released by living cells require reduced cysteines to exert their extracellular function(s). Remarkably, these proteins lack the secretory signal sequence normally required by secretory proteins for translocation into the ER lumen. <b><i>Critical Issues:</i></b> Why do interleukin-1β, high mobility group box 1, and other proinflammatory proteins avoid the ER-Golgi route to reach the intercellular space? These proteins require reactive cysteines for exerting their function. Therefore, eluding thiol-mediated quality control along the exocytic pathway is likely one of the main reasons why extracellular proteins that need to be reduced utilize unconventional pathways of secretion, where a quality control aimed at oxidating native cysteines is not present. <b><i>Future Directions:</i></b> Particularly under stress conditions, cells release redox-active enzymes and nonprotein thiol compounds that exert an extracellular control of redox-sensitive protein activity, shaping inflammatory responses. This post-secretion, redox-dependent editing of protein messages is still largely undefined. Understanding the underlying mechanistic events will hopefully provide new tools to control inflammation. <i>Antioxid. Redox Signal.</i> 41, 693-705.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"693-705"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141445330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Ferroptosis as an Advance Strategy in Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Tobias Achu Muluh, Qianqian Fu, Xiaojiao Ai, Changfeng Wang, Wei Chen, Xiangyi Zheng, Wei Wang, Maolin Wang, Xing-Sheng Shu, Ying Ying","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0608","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Significance:</i></b> This study innovates by systematically integrating the molecular mechanisms of iron death and its application in cancer therapy. By deeply analyzing the interaction between iron death and the tumor microenvironment, the study provides a new theoretical basis for cancer treatment and directions for developing more effective treatment strategies. In addition, the study points to critical issues and barriers that need to be addressed in future research, providing valuable insights into the use of iron death in clinical translation. <b><i>Recent Advances:</i></b> These findings are expected to drive further advances in cancer treatment, bringing patients more treatment options and hope. Through this paper, we see the great potential of iron death in cancer treatment and look forward to more research results being translated into clinical applications in the future to contribute to the fight against cancer. <b><i>Critical Issues:</i></b> In today's society, cancer is still one of the major diseases threatening human health. Despite advances in existing treatments, cancer recurrence and drug resistance remain a severe problem. These problems increase the difficulty of treatment and bring a substantial physical and mental burden to patients. Therefore, finding new treatment strategies to overcome these challenges has become significant. <b><i>Future Directions:</i></b> The study delved into the molecular basis of iron death in tumor biology. It proposed a conceptual framework to account for the interaction of iron death with the tumor immune microenvironment, guide treatment selection, predict efficacy, explore combination therapies, and identify new therapeutic targets to overcome cancer resistance to standard treatments, peeving a path for future research and clinical translation of ferroptosis as a potential strategy in cancer therapy. <i>Antioxid. Redox Signal.</i> 41, 616-636. [Figure: see text].</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"616-636"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DAMPening Tumor Immune Escape: The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Immunogenic Chemotherapy.","authors":"Selma Cifric, Marcello Turi, Pietro Folino, Cole Clericuzio, Francesca Barello, Tallya Maciel, Kenneth C Anderson, Annamaria Gulla","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0558","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Significance:</i></b> Preclinical and clinical research in the past two decades has redefined the mechanism of action of some chemotherapeutics that are able to activate the immune system against cancer when cell death is perceived by the immune cells. This immunogenic cell death (ICD) activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells to induce immune-mediated tumor clearance. One of the key requirements to achieve this effect is the externalization of the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), molecules released or exposed by cancer cells during ICD that increase the visibility of the cancer cells by the immune system. <b><i>Recent Advances:</i></b> In this review, we focus on the role of calreticulin (CRT) and other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, such as the heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), as surface-exposed DAMPs. Once exposed on the cell membrane, these proteins shift their role from that of ER chaperone and regulator of Ca²⁺ and protein homeostasis to act as an immunogenic signal for APCs, driving dendritic cell (DC)-mediated phagocytosis and T-mediated antitumor response. <b><i>Critical Issues:</i></b> However, cancer cells exploit several mechanisms of resistance to immune attack, including subverting the exposure of ER chaperones on their surface to avoid immune recognition. <b><i>Future Directions:</i></b> Overcoming these mechanisms of resistance represents a potential therapeutic opportunity to improve cancer treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"661-674"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139745933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nogo-B Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy in Endothelial Cells of Diabetic Nephropathy.","authors":"Yan Zhang, Peimin Liu, Shanzhi Yang, Jinyi Lan, Haosen Xu, Huan Jiang, Jiaoqing Li, Ting Zhang, Hong Zhang, Wenjuan Duan, Luigi Gnudi, Xiaoyan Bai","doi":"10.1089/ars.2023.0490","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2023.0490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Aims:</i></b> Endothelial cells are the critical targets of injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN), and endothelial cell lesions contribute to the disease progression. Neurite outgrowth inhibitor B (Nogo-B), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein, plays a pivotal role in vascular remodeling after injury, and maintains the structure and function of the ER. Yet, the role of Nogo-B in the regulation of ER stress and endothelial cell injury remains largely unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that Nogo-B activates ER stress-mediated autophagy and protects endothelial cells in DN. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The level of Nogo-B was decreased in glomerular endothelial cells in biopsy specimens from DN patients. <i>In vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies have shown that silencing Nogo-B activated ER stress signaling, and affected the expression of autophagy-related marker early growth response 1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) in endothelial cells in hyperglycemic condition. <b><i>Conclusion and Innovation:</i></b> These results denote that Nogo-B contributes to ER stress-mediated autophagy and protects endothelial cells in DN, providing new evidence for understanding the role of ER stress-mediated autophagy in endothelial cells of DN.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"706-722"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140142678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Sticki-ER\": Functions of the Platelet Endoplasmic Reticulum.","authors":"Yvonne X Kong, Joyce Chiu, Freda H Passam","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0566","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Significance:</i></b> The primary role of platelets is to generate a thrombus by platelet activation. Platelet activation relies on calcium mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER resident proteins, which are externalized upon platelet activation, are essential for the function of platelet surface receptors and intercellular interactions. <b><i>Recent Advances:</i></b> The platelet ER is a conduit for changes in cellular function in response to the extracellular milieu. ER homeostasis is maintained by an appropriate redox balance, regulated calcium stores and normal protein folding. Alterations in ER function and ER stress results in ER proteins externalizing to the cell surface, including members of the protein disulfide isomerase family (PDIs) and chaperones. <b><i>Critical Issues:</i></b> The platelet ER is central to platelet function, but our understanding of its regulation is incomplete. Previous studies have focused on the function of PDIs in the extracellular space, and much less on their intracellular role. How platelets maintain ER homeostasis and how they direct ER chaperone proteins to facilitate intercellular signalling is unknown. <b><i>Future Directions:</i></b> An understanding of ER functions in the platelet is essential as these may determine critical platelet activities such as secretion and adhesion. Studies are necessary to understand the redox reactions of PDIs in the intracellular <i>versus</i> extracellular space, as these differentially affect platelet function. An unresolved question is how platelet ER proteins control calcium release. Regulation of protein folding in the platelet and downstream pathways of ER stress require further evaluation. Targeting the platelet ER may have therapeutic application in metabolic and neoplastic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"637-660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139569088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does <i>SLC39A8</i> Ala391Thr Confer Risk of Chronic Liver Disease?","authors":"Anne-Sofie Seidelin, Børge G Nordestgaard, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Stefan Stender","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0616","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Manganese is an important cofactor for numerous biological processes, including defense against reactive oxygen species. A common genetic variant in the manganese transporter <i>SLC39A8</i> (p.Ala391Thr) has been associated with lower blood levels of manganese and with increases in markers of liver cell damage. Whether the variant confers an increased risk of liver disease is unclear. We tested the association of this variant with biochemical, imaging, and clinical hepatic traits and outcomes in large general population cohorts totaling up to one million individuals, including 991 cases with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 7191 cases with cirrhosis. We found that the Thr-allele of p.Ala391Thr was associated with slightly higher plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, markedly higher corrected T1 on hepatic magnetic resonance imaging, a presumed marker of liver inflammation, and with lower hepatic computed tomography attenuation. However, the variant was not associated with hepatic fat content or with the risk of HCC or cirrhosis. In conclusion, <i>SLC39A8</i> p.Ala391Thr is associated with biochemical and imaging markers of hepatic inflammation, but the variant does not confer a higher risk of chronic liver disease. We hypothesize that the associations with hepatic imaging traits are due to lower hepatic manganese levels in carriers of the variant. <i>Antioxid. Redox Signal.</i> 41, 591-596. [Figure: see text].</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"591-596"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycyrrhizin Protects Submandibular Gland Against Radiation Damage by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense and Preserving Mitochondrial Homeostasis.","authors":"Xin-Ru Zhou, Xin-Yue Wang, Yue-Mei Sun, Chong Zhang, Ke Jian Liu, Fu-Yin Zhang, Bin Xiang","doi":"10.1089/ars.2022.0183","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2022.0183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Aims:</i></b> Radiotherapy inevitably causes radiation damage to the salivary glands (SGs) in patients with head and neck cancers (HNCs). Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and imbalanced mitochondrial homeostasis are serious consequences of ionizing radiation in SGs; however, there are few mitochondria-targeting therapeutic approaches. Glycyrrhizin is the main extract of licorice root and exhibits antioxidant activity to relieve mitochondrial damage in certain oxidative stress conditions. Herein, the effects of glycyrrhizin on irradiated submandibular glands (SMGs) and the related mechanisms were investigated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Glycyrrhizin reduced radiation damage in rat SMGs at both the cell and tissue levels, and promoted saliva secretion in irradiated SMGs. Glycyrrhizin significantly downregulated high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) and toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Moreover, glycyrrhizin significantly suppressed the increases in malondialdehyde and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels; elevated the activity of some critical antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione (GSH); and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio in irradiated cells. Importantly, glycyrrhizin effectively enhanced thioredoxin-2 levels and scavenged mitochondrial ROS, inhibited the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, improved adenosine triphosphate synthesis, preserved the mitochondrial ultrastructure, activated the proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α)/nuclear respiratory factor 1/2 (NRF1/2)/mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) signaling pathway, and inhibited mitochondria-related apoptosis in irradiated SMG cells and tissues. <b><i>Innovation:</i></b> Radiotherapy causes radiation sialadenitis in HNC patients. Our data suggest that glycyrrhizin could be a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant for the prevention of radiation damage in SGs. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These findings demonstrate that glycyrrhizin protects SMGs from radiation damage by downregulating HMGB1/TLR5 signaling, maintaining intracellular redox balance, eliminating mitochondrial ROS, preserving mitochondrial homeostasis, and inhibiting apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"723-743"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138797196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Functions by Localization: The Example of the Anterior Gradient Family.","authors":"Arvin S Pierre, Noa Gavriel, Marianne Guilbard, Eric Ogier-Denis, Eric Chevet, Frederic Delom, Aeid Igbaria","doi":"10.1089/ars.2024.0561","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ars.2024.0561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Significance:</i></b> Oxidative folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) introduces disulfide bonds into nascent polypeptides, ensuring proteins' stability and proper functioning. Consequently, this process is critical for maintaining proteome integrity and overall health. The productive folding of thousands of secretory proteins requires stringent quality control measures, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD), which contribute significantly to maintaining ER homeostasis. ER-localized protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) play an essential role in each of these processes, thereby contributing to various aspects of ER homeostasis, including maintaining redox balance, proper protein folding, and signaling from the ER to the nucleus. <b><i>Recent Advances:</i></b> Over the years, there have been increasing reports of the (re)localization of PDI family members and other ER-localized proteins to various compartments. A prime example is the anterior gradient (AGR) family of PDI proteins, which have been reported to relocate to the cytosol or the extracellular environment, acquiring gain of functions that intersect with various cellular signaling pathways. <b><i>Critical Issues:</i></b> Here, we summarize the functions of PDIs and their gain or loss of functions in non-ER locations. We will focus on the activity, localization, and function of the AGR proteins: AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3. <b><i>Future Directions:</i></b> Targeting PDIs in general and AGRs in particular is a promising strategy in different human diseases. Thus, there is a need for innovative strategies and tools aimed at targeting PDIs; those strategies should integrate the specific localization and newly acquired functions of these PDIs rather than solely focusing on their canonical roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":8011,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants & redox signaling","volume":" ","pages":"675-692"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139970785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}