Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Simulation of R-245fa Vapor Condensation in an Inclined Tube Using the VOF Method in Conjugate Problem Statement","authors":"G. G. Yan’kov,&nbsp;V. I. Artemov,&nbsp;A. P. Zheleznov,&nbsp;O. O. Mil’man,&nbsp;K. B. Minko","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700624","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700624","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For designing facilities operating on organic working fluid according to the Rankine cycle, reliable methods for calculating organic coolant condensation processes in channels, including inclined ones, are required. In this regard, the problem of special importance is to determine condensation heat transfer in the cases when the heat transfer intensity on the coolant side is commensurable with that on the condensation side. The article describes the results of the activity aimed at studying the condensation of R-245fa (considered as a promising coolant) in horizontal and inclined tubes using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. By using this method, supplemented with the model of heat and mass transfer at the phase interface, one can visualize the flow structure and obtain data on the local heat transfer characteristics. The prediction results are compared with the experimental data obtained on the experimental setup at the CJSC Turbokon, intended for studying heat and mass transfer processes during condensation of various promising working media. The predicted data have been compared with the experimental data obtained in condensation regimes in a 2 m long copper tube 32 × 2 mm in diameter at mass fluxes up to 27 kg/(m² s) and tube inclination angles up to ‒24.3°. For simulating the processes at the phase interface, the Lee model was used with automatically calculating the relaxation constant based on the working fluid properties and computation mesh parameters. All calculations were carried out using the in-house CFD code ANES. The article presents data on the distribution of heat transfer coefficients along the tube inner surface. The prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental data, which have shown that the heat transfer coefficient increases significantly even at a small tube inclination. The accomplished study helps gain deeper insight into the condensation heat transfer processes in horizontal and inclined tubes, which is of importance for designing heat transfer apparatuses, such as air and water cooled condensers of the vapors of refrigerants, petroleum products, and other chemical substances. The obtained results can be used for improving the accuracy of engineering calculations and elaborating new design solutions for condensers with taking into account local flow features.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 12","pages":"1073 - 1089"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of Thermohydrodynamic Processes during an SBO Accident with the Externally Cooled Vessel of a VVER-I Integral Small Modular Reactor","authors":"M. M. Bedretdinov,&nbsp;O. E. Stepanov,&nbsp;N. V. Ivanova,&nbsp;M. A. Bykov","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700600","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700600","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of small modular reactors (SMRs) attracts increasingly growing interest both in Russia and abroad in connection with the trend toward decreasing of greenhouse gas emissions and diversification of energy sources. Small nuclear power plants (SNPPs) could occupy their niche in the field of electricity production in remote regions, in which there is no demand for large power capacity. It is exactly for this reason that great attention is presently paid to the development of SMRs and SNPPs as a whole. Given that there is no demand for large capacity NPPs, and with more stringent requirements for safety systems based on fully passive principles of their operation, and also in view of the fact that there has been no assessment of decreasing the prime cost of electricity in putting the SNPP equipment in mass scale manufacture, the problem of their development is becoming increasingly more relevant. The article presents the results of calculations of thermohydrodynamic processes in the new integral modular small capacity reactor plant (RP) with natural coolant circulation called VVER-I as applied to a beyond design basis accident involving the power unit long-term blackout. For the VVER-I RP, all safety systems relating to defense-in-depth levels two and three are based on the passive principle of their operation, also with the use of natural circulation, without the need of power supply and operator’s intervention for quite a long period of time. The calculations were carried out using the KORSAR/GP computer code certified for analyzing the safety of NPPs with VVERs. The possibility of reliable decay heat removal from the core in the natural circulation mode with the reactor pressure vessel externally cooled with water has been confirmed. The passive safety systems incorporated in the design ensure reliable heat removal from the core under the conditions of all NPP power supply sources lost for a long period of time without intervention of the operational personnel. The study results can be used in elaborating new designs of VVER type RPs with natural coolant circulation, including those with passive safety systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 12","pages":"1034 - 1041"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion Product Generation Processes in the Circuits of Nuclear Power Facilities","authors":"B. A. Gusev,&nbsp;L. N. Moskvin,&nbsp;A. A. Efimov,&nbsp;S. V. Blinov,&nbsp;A. N. Maksimova","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700673","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The problem of improving the corrosion conditions during operation of a nuclear power facility (NPF) is directly connected with increasing the corrosion resistance of structural steels to general (uniform) corrosion, chemical transformation and mass transfer of corrosion products in water coolant in conducting different water chemistry (WC) versions. The article gives a description of the generation processes and chemical transformations of the initial ionic forms of structural steel corrosion products at the initial stage of the general corrosion process followed by the generation of the precursors of solid phase oxide-hydroxide particles (sludge and crud) dispersed in coolant and generation of final solid phase forms of corrosion products such as suspensions, deposits, and corrosion oxide films in the nuclear power facility circuits under the conditions of reduction and oxidative water chemistries. The article proposes a physicochemical model of mass exchange and mass transfer of corrosion products in the steel–water coolant system with taking into account the chemical transformations of corrosion product ionic forms up to the generation of solid phase products in water coolant and on the corroding steel surface, on which a two-layer (with topotaxic and epitaxic layers) oxide film of a local origin is produced. On this film, dense corrosion product deposits from the coolant are formed along with loose (dissipative, weakly fixed) corrosion product deposits that are in equilibrium between the circuit surfaces and coolant. The chemical composition of all product existence forms is determined by the compounds of iron with admixtures of structural steel alloying elements, and the radionuclide composition is determined by the activation products of reactor materials (⁵⁸Co, ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁴Mn, ⁵⁹Fe, and ⁵¹Cr) and other, more short-lived radionuclides. The proposed body of mathematics can be used for determining the numerical values of the indicators characterizing different corrosion process stages – from metal ionization to generation of final corrosion products on the surfaces and in the coolant of the nuclear power facility circuits under the conditions of different water chemistries.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 12","pages":"1051 - 1060"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Torrefaction in Superheated Steam Medium to Obtain Biochar from Potato Peel","authors":"R. L. Is’emin,&nbsp;D. V. Klimov,&nbsp;O. Yu. Milovanov,&nbsp;A. V. Mikhalev,&nbsp;S. N. Kuz’min,&nbsp;K. I. Milovanov","doi":"10.1134/S004060152570065X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S004060152570065X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article presents the results of studying the wet torrefaction (or accelerated hydrothermal carbonization) process in a fluidized bed in superheated steam medium. The aim of such experiment is to obtain charcoal from biomass the characteristics of which are at least as good as those of biochar obtained using the classic hydrothermal carbonization method, but with a drastically reduced the process duration and abandoning the use of reactors operating at high pressure. Previously, the processes of torrefaction in superheated steam medium of a mixture of chicken manure and wood sawdust, wastewater settlement, hazelnut shell, already used tea leaves, and sunflower husk were studied. Samples of biochar that can be used as biofuel, sorbents, or soil improvers were obtained. The duration of the wet torrefaction process in a fluidized bed was not more than 30 min instead of 5–12 h in the case of using the classic hydrothermal carbonization, and the steam gage pressure was not higher than 0.07 MPa. In the framework of the project that is being implemented jointly with the universities of the BRICS member states, the thermochemical reprocessing of potato peel into biofuel with the process temperature varied from 200 to 300°С and duration from 10 to 30 min was studied. As a result of potato peel torrefaction, the biomass heating value (in ash-free dry state) increases by a factor of 1.35 (from 20.68 to 28.0 MJ/kg). It has also been found that an increase in the torrefaction process temperature and duration facilitates an increase in the potato peel heating value with the activation energy ranging from 16.8 to 23.9 MJ/kg.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 12","pages":"1118 - 1124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Perovskite Layer Thickness on the Solar Cell Energy Conversion Efficiency","authors":"A. Z. Agoev,&nbsp;A. M. Karmokov,&nbsp;E. N. Kozyrev,&nbsp;O. A. Molokanov,&nbsp;R. Yu. Karmokova","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700594","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700594","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The photovoltaic parameters of a perovskite solar cell with the ITO/ZnO/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/NiO/Ag heterostructure are calculated and optimized. Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃, which is the most promising material for photovoltaic converters, was used as the solar energy absorber. Zinc oxide ZnO with <i>n</i>-type conductivity, which ensures high mobility of electrons, and nickel oxide NiO, which features high performance stability and optimal electrical characteristics for use as a buffer layer with <i>p</i>-type conductivity, were used as electrodes at the junctions with perovskite. Such buffer layers ensure stable, reliable, and long-term operation of a solar cell. The modeling was carried out by solving the system of Poisson equations and continuity equations for electrons and holes in 1D stationary approximation with taking into account defects in the perovskite volume (10¹³ cm^–3) and at the ZnO/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (10⁸ cm⁻³) and CH₃NH₃PbI₃/NiO (10¹⁰ cm^–3) junctions. Numerical calculations were carried out using the SCAPS-1D software package, which implements the diffusion-drift model of charge transfer in semiconductors. It has been determined that the perovskite layer thickness has an essential influence on the cell key parameters: open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, efficiency, and fill factor of current-voltage characteristic. The maximal efficiency (24.3%) is reached at a perovskite layer thickness of around 1.55 μm. In that case, the open-circuit voltage is 1.15 V, the short-circuit current density is 24.6 mA/cm², and the fill factor is 86.6%. The current-voltage characteristic shows that the current density remains stable to the voltage value of around 0.9 V.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 12","pages":"1125 - 1129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration of the Droplet Size Distribution Function when Solving the Kinetic Equation by the Moment Method","authors":"A. A. Sidorov","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700545","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700545","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bulk condensation is a fairly common phenomenon in science and technology, so there is a need to determine the characteristics of a flow with condensing impurities, including the mass flow rate, quantity, and size of the formed and growing particles. To solve the problem of separating these particles from a gas–droplet flow, the type of distribution function, as well as the determination of the mass flow rate of droplets depending on their size, are the main initial data on which the quality of the design of the separation device depends. In the process of solving the kinetic equation using a direct numerical solution, the moments, as well as the particle size distribution function, are available at each step and do not require their reconstruction, whereas only the corresponding moments are available when using the moment method, but the distribution function is not. It is known that it is possible to reconstruct the form of the distribution function using the values of its moments, but the implementation of standard methods requires a large number of moments, and they have low stability or low accuracy. In this regard, the author’s modification of the well-known method for restoring the distribution function using the gamma distribution was developed, tested by comparison with known solutions. It is shown that the maximum difference between the known distribution function and the function reconstructed through a modification of the gamma distribution approximation, when solving the problem of bulk condensation during supersonic outflow of a vapor-gas mixture through a nozzle in a wide range of initial pressures, temperatures, and mass fractions of impurities for various components of the mixture, does not exceed 5%. In a subsequent comparison of the distribution function, reconstructed from the moments determined from the solution of the kinetic equation by the method of moments, with a direct numerical solution, the difference was at the level of 10%, while the probability of particles falling into a predetermined interval when ranking the distribution function by intervals was no more than 5%, which is acceptable for taking these data into account in flow separation problems. A method is proposed for determining the mass flow rate of droplets (particles) whose radius falls within a predetermined interval for the subsequent formulation of the problem of separating a gas–droplet or gas–dust flow using the reconstructed distribution function.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 11","pages":"911 - 922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Substantiation of Model Experiments for Studying the Occurrence Conditions of Condensation-Induced Water Hammers in the Injection Pipeline of a Pressurizer System","authors":"A. N. Churkin,&nbsp;V. I. Kryzhanovskiy,&nbsp;S. S. Melekh","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700582","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700582","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During normal operation, the upper section of the injection pipeline of the pressurizer system in a reactor plants (RP) with VVER reactors contains steam and subcooled water induced by prescribed operating coolant leakages. To substantiate the safe operation of the RP, experimental studies of the conditions for the initiation of the condensation-induced water hammer (CIWH) are required. Such studies are needed to confirm the absence of CIWH events under steady-state conditions and to estimate potential impact loads during transients. The problem was formulated to perform preliminary calculations of the experiments to substantiate that the results obtained in a downscaled model made to 1 : 2 scale for all dimensions may be transferred to the conditions of a full-scale pipeline. The developed computational model, implemented in the Russian code KORSAR, is described. The paper presents the results of a computational study of thermohydraulic processes in a full-scale injection pipeline after a decrease in the water level in the pressurizer below the spray nozzles during heating of the reactor plant in the presence of the prescribed permanent coolant leakage through the pipeline. Critical flow rates at which steam does not enter the injection pipeline or fills only the section located in the pressurizer have been determined. Variant calculations were performed of a scaled pipeline with different values of the permanent leakage flowrate; flow rates were set as required to ensure similarity in terms of Reynolds, Mach, Froude, and homochronicity numbers. When comparing predictions for the full-scale and downscaled pipelines, the similarity was demonstrated of thermohydraulic processes at a model flowrate of permanent leakages, selected to obtain the same of Froude numbers, and the full-scale values of the steam pressure and the incoming water temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 11","pages":"893 - 901"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Formulae for Calculating Radiative Heat Fluxes in Systems with Partially Transparent Structures","authors":"Kim Chol Gon,&nbsp;Ri Pong Uk,&nbsp;Jon Chol Jin,&nbsp;Ri Jin Ryong","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525600099","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525600099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>So far, there has been a little imperfection in the analytical theory of the radiation heat transfer. Although there is the calculation formula for non-transparent bodies, but more universal calculation formulae for partially transparent bodies have not yet been found. Up to now, the radiation heat transfer in solar greenhouses, solar collectors and general houses and buildings with windows has been analyzed using the repeated reflection method. However, the repeated reflection method should make a great effort to calculate compared to the effective radiation method, that is to say, the radiosity method. Therefore, we derived formulae for the calculation of radiation heat flux by using the effective radiation method (namely, the radiosity method) when two gray bodies randomly placed in space are partially transparent bodies. As a result, we ensured the universality of calculation theory in the radiation heat transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 11","pages":"923 - 932"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of Deposits of Structural Material Corrosion Products in Steam-Generating Systems at Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants","authors":"V. S. Polonsky,&nbsp;D. A. Gorr,&nbsp;M. A. Mironenko","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700570","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700570","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Morphology and thermophysiscal properties of deposits of construction material corrosion products (CMCPs) in steam-generating systems at nuclear power plants (NPPs) and thermal power plants (TPPs) are analyzed. Modern power units utilize high-quality water, and construction materials are essentially steels. Therefore, the main impurities in water are various iron compounds. The deposits of corrosion products usually consist of iron oxides (mainly magnetite). These deposits have a specific capillary-porous structure and considerably affect heat-and-mass transfer during phase transformations. Capillary hydrodynamics also has a pronounced effect on transfer processes. In recent decades, many publications have appeared about the effect of deposit morphology on the concentration of impurities and reagents that control the water chemistry in reactors and steam generators of nuclear power plants. Growing attention has also focused on the temperature conditions of steam-generating surfaces with deposits during heat transfer. The governing effect is produced by the structural features of the deposit layer, such as the diameters of steam and liquid microchannels, density of their distribution over the layer surface, internal characteristics of the boiling process, thermophysical properties of the deposits, thermodynamic and transport properties of water and steam. An analysis of the published data yielded approximating correlations for the diameter of steam microchannels, their distribution density, effective thermal conductivity of the deposit layer, and the maximum water superheating temperature in the deposit layer. Predictions by these correlations satisfactory agree with experimental data. A classification of deposits by their thickness based on the maximum temperature during steam generation at nuclear and thermal power plants is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 11","pages":"954 - 967"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposals on Classifying the Kinds of Damages and on Standardizing the Terms and Definitions Related to Diagnostics and Repairs of Steam Turbines","authors":"I. Yu. Klyainrok,&nbsp;B. E. Murmanskii","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700508","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700508","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lack of a unified and commonly accepted standard for describing flaws in performing equipment diagnostics results in that different authors use essentially different terminology for denoting them. In view of this circumstance, difficulties are encountered in attempts to generalize the signs presented in various literature sources, as well as flaw revealing methods. In addition, in many publications on diagnostics, their authors use, at a first glance, similar terminology: “defect,” “damage,” and “flaw.” The term “defect” means each individual nonconformity of products to established requirements; i.e., this term is more relevant to errors in the technology of manufacture, assembling, and repair of a product by the corresponding specialized enterprises, at which the product quality control is performed, so that this term is not quite relevant to equipment damages occurred during its operation. The term “damage” denotes an event which consists in a loss of an object’s perfect state with retaining its up state, and the term “flaw” denotes an object’s state in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements stated by the regulatory technical and/or engineering (design) documentation. The term “flaw” is the most exhaustive one and includes both the cause (the actual damage of parts) and effect (deviation of the parameters monitored and manifestation of this damage). For the purpose of further development of diagnostic systems, it is necessary to elaborate a group of standards regulating the developments in the field of power equipment diagnostics. The article presents—taking a steam turbine as an example—proposals on general classification of damage kinds and on standardization of terms and definitions of main damages.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"72 11","pages":"902 - 910"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}