Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Theoretical Evaluation of Heat Transfer in a Tube with a Rough Wall in a Turbulent Flow Regime","authors":"I. A. Davletshin","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700011","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Calculation of heat transfer on surfaces furnished with various intensifiers is a complex problem in view of their irregular geometrical features and complex flow pattern caused by these features, a circumstance that adds difficulty in obtaining generalized regularities. Prediction of heat transfer under such conditions is based in the main on empirical relationships. The article demonstrates a possibility of theoretically determining the heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow in channels with a uniform wall roughness. For such flows, it is assumed that the flow has a uniform and settled structure. For a constant heat flux on the wall, the heat transfer can be evaluated using the Lyon’s integral. The profile of flow velocities, thermal sublayer thickness, and turbulent thermal conductivity are the key parameters in evaluating the heat transfer coefficient. In the model, a two-layer representation of the thermal boundary layer consisting of a thermal sublayer and the flow turbulent core was used. It was assumed that the heat transfer in the thermal sublayer took place over the channel cross section entirely through molecular thermal conductivity (the turbulent component was neglected). The turbulent thermal conductivity in the flow core was determined using the Prandtl mixing length model, which is valid for turbulent fluctuations of both velocity and temperature. The mixing length was calculated with taking into account the influence of vortex structures generated by the roughness. By numerically calculating the Lyon’s integral, the heat transfer coefficient distributions have been obtained for the practically significant ranges of the roughness elements relative height and Reynolds number. The prediction results demonstrate good agreement with experimental data on heat transfer for turbulent flow in a tube with threaded roughness.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 4","pages":"273 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147872397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Generation of Electricity and Heat Based on a Low Temperature Geothermal Source","authors":"V. B. Perov,&nbsp;M. Sh. Mintsaev,&nbsp;B. A. Shifrin,&nbsp;M. S. Gankov,&nbsp;O. O. Mil’man,&nbsp;A. A.-V. Sadulaev","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700059","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article points out the relevance of and prospects for integrated use of geothermal resources for solving various problems, first of all, in the field of electricity and heat generation, which is connected with the fact that a significant potential for the development of geothermal energy sources is available in a number of regions in Russia. The article describes the Khankala geothermal power plant as a unique facility for implementing pilot commercial operation of electricity generating units operating based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with applying a low-grade heat source, the use of which in power units of other types is inexpedient. A thermal cycle circuit arrangement for combined use of a geothermal resource is proposed: for electricity generation in an ORC power unit (with using isopentane as working fluid) and for supplying heat to greenhouses. The electric energy obtained in such power unit is consumed to cover the external energy expenditures, namely, for driving the greenhouse facility network pump. Calculations for different geothermal fluid flowrates were carried out, in the course of which the power capacity of the ORC power unit itself and energy expenditures for geothermal fluid reinjection into the well were evaluated, and the optimal parameters of the system considered were determined. For the proposed thermal cycle circuit arrangement implemented at the Khankala geothermal power plant, the geothermal fluid flowrate at which the minimal amount of electric energy is consumed from the external grid, was adopted as the optimal one. In that case, the additional capital outlays for implementing the ORC power unit, which are mainly characterized by the increase in the heat transfer surface sizes of the power plant’s existing delivery water heater and condenser are also minimized. A conclusion has been drawn that incorporation of such power units into low-grade heat recovery systems for electricity generation purposes is very promising, whereas separation of heat supply and electricity generation is less preferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 4","pages":"306 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147872424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of Immersed Liquid Metal Jet Flow through a Pipe in Longitudinal Magnetic Field","authors":"M. A. Sokolov,&nbsp;N. G. Razuvanov","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700855","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700855","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Liquid metal flow in immersed jet form takes place in the loops of nuclear and thermonuclear reactors in sections with an abruptly increased channel cross section, or when cocurrent coolants are mixed with each other. As far as flows of nonmetal fluids are concerned, a lot of scientific and experimental data on them have been obtained. Liquid metals are new promising coolants, and their hydrodynamic characteristics have been studied to an insufficient extent, especially under the conditions of strong magnetic fields. The aim of the work is to study immersed jet flow of mercury in longitudinal magnetic field (LMF). In the experiment, a jet is produced as it flows out from a small-diameter (5 mm) tube into a tube of a larger diameter (25 mm). The experimental data for the fields of velocity longitudinal component and also for temperature spectral characteristics were obtained using a correlation sensor on the mercury magnetohydrodynamic test bench at the NRU MPEI Department of Engineering Thermal Physics. Apart from the experimental investigation, a numerical calculation was carried out according to the RANS method in the ranges of Reynolds numbers Re = 9700‒36 000 and Hartman numbers Ha = 0‒125. The modeling was carried out using the ANES computer code. The possibility to measure the local velocity of a jet immersed in a flow by means of a probe composed of thermocouples using the correlation method is revealed. The jet longitudinal averaged velocity profiles were measured, and the jet length after its outflow from the nozzle was determined. The influence of longitudinal magnetic field has been revealed: with a growth in the Hartman number, the jet width and the absolute temperature pulsation level decreased, and the jet length increased as a consequence of suppressing the velocity transverse component.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 4","pages":"297 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147872291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Model within the TITAN-2/V1.0 Integrated Code AERCONT Module Representing the Behavior of Fission Product Multicomponent Aerosols","authors":"D. S. Sinitsyn,&nbsp;M. V. Vorivonchik,&nbsp;D. A. Nazarov,&nbsp;O. V. Tarasov,&nbsp;N. A. Mosunova,&nbsp;A. A. Sorokin","doi":"10.1134/S0040601526700023","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601526700023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable assessment of the consequences caused by severe accidents at NPPs for the personnel and environment depends directly on how correctly and accurately the processes through which fission product vapors and aerosols are generated, transfer, and release into the power plant rooms are understood and predicted. The article describes the key models implemented in the AERCONT module that is part of the TITAN-2/V1.0 integrated code, which has been developed for calculating the behavior of fission product gases, vapors, and aerosols in the steam–gas primary circuit coolant and in the containment rooms at an NPP with VVER reactors. By using the module, it is possible to analyze the aerosol system variation dynamics with taking into account all key mechanisms. Main attention is paid to the mathematical models that lie at the heart of transfer, nucleation, and coagulation models, including the description of separate motion mechanisms: Brownian, turbulent, gravity, and shear ones. The numerical methods that ensure stability and accuracy of calculations in the situations characteristic of reactor plant emergency operation conditions are discussed. These methods are compared with the existing similar software tools; their differences, advantages, and drawbacks are analyzed. The results of nucleation and coagulation models verification against the test calculation data are presented, and comparison with the exact analytical solution is carried out. The results of the coagulation process validation against experimental data, which confirm the adequacy and accuracy of the developed models are shown.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 4","pages":"227 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147872398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Modeling of Heat Transfer during the Flow of Air and Helium–Xenon Mixture in a Seven-Rod Fuel Assembly","authors":"K. S. Lebeda,&nbsp;M. S. Makarov,&nbsp;V. S. Naumkin,&nbsp;O. V. Vitovsky","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700831","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700831","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article presents a study, carried out using numerical methods, of heat transfer during the flow of gas mixtures in a heated seven-rod assembly containing cylindrical fuel elements with spacer grids. The fuel elements were made of thin-walled nichrome tubes; owing to a hollow design of fuel elements, it became possible to determine the wall temperature distribution along the assembly length. The grids were made so that all of its channels had the same hydraulic diameters. Helium–xenon (He‒Xe) mixture with the Prandtl number Pr = 0.23 and air with the Prandtl number Pr = 0.71 were considered as coolant. Data on the distribution of the central fuel element wall temperature were obtained, and the effect the spacer grids had on the local changes in the flow parameter and temperature was analyzed. The RANS modeling results were compared with the data of an experimental wall temperature investigation. The comparison results have shown that the predicted data are in good agreement with the experimental data: the maximal difference was equal to 7 К. It was shown that spacer grids gave rise to vortex connection zones upstream and downstream of them; local narrowing of the flow pass section inside the grid facilitated flow acceleration. When a change occurs in the flow dynamics near the grid, abrupt temperature jumps are observed, and it should be noted that air temperature jumps are higher than those of helium–xenon mixture. Thus, in the case of using He‒Xe mixture with the Prandtl number Pr = 0.23 as coolant, the temperature distribution in the assembly cross section becomes less nonuniform. It is shown that flow acceleration has an influence on the dependence of Nusselt number on the Reynolds number: with high pressure differences between the assembly inlet and outlet, gas accelerates to subsonic velocities, which results in flow core cooling.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 3","pages":"186 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and Optimization of Heat Pump Water Heater with Wrapped-Tank Mini-Channel Condenser","authors":"Yanjun Li,&nbsp;Heng Liu,&nbsp;Luwen Qin,&nbsp;Shouhong Li","doi":"10.1134/S0040601524601025","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601524601025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The application of mini-channel condenser in the field of heat pump water heater (HPWH) introduces new challenges for design and modeling tools, as the two-phase flow mechanisms and flow regime transitions in mini-channel is considerably different from those found in the more conventional larger diameter tubes in the condensing process. Based on the latest research of mini-channel research, this study develops a coupled model that integrates a vapor-compression heat pump model with a water tank heat transfer model, linked through a bidirectional coupling algorithm. In this framework, the heat pump model supplies the tank model with heat flux boundary conditions, while the tank model returns water side parameters to the system model. This coupled approach enables the prediction of both system level performance and the transient hydrodynamics and heat transfer behavior within the water tank, thereby enhancing overall design and analysis capability. Model accuracy is evaluated experimentally using system efficiency, compressor suction and exhaust pressures, condenser inlet and outlet temperatures, evaporating temperature, and water tank temperature measurements. Furthermore, a variable-pitch mini-channel condenser is proposed, and HPWH configurations featuring constant and variable-pitch condensers are simulated. The results demonstrate that the variable-pitch design leads to a more uniform temperature distribution in the tank and yields superior performance in terms of both system efficiency and heat-transfer enhancement.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 3","pages":"196 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Shell-and-Tube Condenser Design for an ORC Unit Operating on Pentane as Working Fluid","authors":"I. S. Antanenkova,&nbsp;A. A. Antanenkov,&nbsp;V. I. Kuznetsov,&nbsp;D. S. Pisarev","doi":"10.1134/S004060152570082X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S004060152570082X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Condensing devices constitute quite a bulky—in terms of overall dimensions and metal intensity—part of the thermal process circuit of power facilities implementing the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) during operation on various working fluids. In constructing such devices, it is very important to carry out rational designing, which can help make them with essentially better weight and overall dimension characteristics, and technical and economic indicators. This objective is of special importance for ORC facilities, because there is rather a small amount of commonly accessible information on the optimal structural design of such devices for each capacity level (output) of their equipment. The article presents the results of a computational study aimed at determining the effect the geometrical parameters of finned copper tubes have on the thermal, hydraulic, and mass and overall dimension characteristics of a shell-and-tube condenser for the ORC facility operating on pentane as working fluid for electrical capacities equal to 500 and 1000 kW. In carrying out the analysis, the optimal Rankine thermodynamic cycle parameters and the output of the devices in the nominal mode of their operation were determined. A specific feature relating to the solution of this research problem was the use of a systematic approach to analyzing the distribution of loads among the vapor generator parts (the heater and evaporator) in varying the saturation temperature in it and, hence, in changing the ORC facility efficiency and pentane flowrate. However, the major part of this work deals with the results of variant calculations of the shell-and-tube condenser operating on pentane as working fluid with using GEWA-K tubes produced by Wieland-Werke AG (Ulm, Germany). The calculations were carried out for devices having thermal capacities equal to 2280 and 5560 kW made using tubes having different diameter, wall thickness, and finning, of GEWA-K19, GEWA-K26, and GEWA-K40 types. The article presents the results of a study aimed at determining how the contamination of tube inner surface affects the condenser characteristics: key regularities have been revealed; device optimal design versions have been determined, and recommendations for the developers of the ORC facility shell-and-tube condensers have been formulated.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 3","pages":"159 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cogeneration: Energy Efficiency of Competing Technologies","authors":"S. P. Filippov,&nbsp;M. D. Dilman","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700867","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700867","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article proposes a methodology for carrying out a comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of combined (cogeneration) and separate arrangements for electricity and heat generation, which takes into account the operating characteristics of different cogeneration unit classes [steam turbine units (STU), gas turbine units (GTU), and combined cycle units (CCU)], as well as the regional climatic conditions of their operation. By using the developed calculation tool, it is possible to determine key indicators such as relative annual fuel saving, coefficient of fuel utilization (CFU), and capacity factor (CF). The study was carried out for a wide range of the capacities of gas units (10–230 MW) and for a coal fired STU (100 MW) with taking into account the characteristics of regional power systems at the places of possible use of cogeneration units. It is shown that cogeneration is an efficient method for saving fuel and reducing greenhouse gas emissions under the currently existing conditions, and with the expected improvement in the efficiency of separate electricity and heat generation. Currently, the use of GTUs and STUs for cogeneration purposes can save 19–37% of fuel, and that of CCUs, up to 28–44% depending on the regional and climatic conditions. Even if we take a hypothetical case of achieving average annual efficiency equal to 55% in the separate arrangement of electricity and heat generation at fossil fueled power plants, the fuel saving due to cogeneration still remains positive, although it will decrease to make from 1 to 11% in the case of using steam turbine and gas turbine units, and 6–19% in the case of using combined cycle units. It has been determined that the best prospects for use will be for cogeneration units featuring high electricity generation efficiency, also during operation at partial loads, and also with a wide thermal power adjustment range. The obtained conclusions and developed techniques can be used for substantiating the choice of technologies in designing and modernizing combined heat and power plants, and in elaborating programs for development of thermal power facilities in regions with different climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 3","pages":"210 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of Bulk Condensation Intensity in a Radial Cooling Turbine Stage by Means of Frequency Control","authors":"A. A. Sidorov,&nbsp;A. K. Yastrebov","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700843","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700843","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study is concerned with numerical simulation of carbon dioxide (СО₂) bulk condensation from its mixture with air in the flow path of a two-phase turbine machine (a turboexpander unit (TEU)) in 3D statement with using a CFD software package and the Bulk Condensation dedicated computation module. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of frequency control and its influence of the phase transition process in the turbine machine stage. The main objective of the work is to reveal the optimal operation conditions under which moisture droplets emerge and grow predominantly in the impeller channels, which corresponds to the conditions of unlikely erosion destruction of its flow path components. It is shown by calculation that by varying the TEU impeller rotation frequency it is possible to control the bulk condensation process in the radial turbine flow path. The maximal impurity condensation degree—subject to the selected constraints—that can be reached in the flow path makes more than 96% with the maximal expansion ratio equal to 6.17 and the СО₂ content in the mixture flow equal to 10 wt %. It is shown that by comprehensively varying the control parameters (expansion ratio, flow temperature, and impeller rotation frequency) it is possible to adjust the bulk condensation process intensity and also “shift” the phase transition location from the guide vane to the impeller without loss of high condensation degree and particles having sizes minimally acceptable for subsequent separation. It has been found that with increasing the impeller rotation frequency, the condensation intensity in the guide vane decreases quite rapidly, as a consequence of which this process takes place in the impeller, a circumstance that makes it possible to avoid destruction of its components under the effect of droplet impingement erosion. The simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental and calculated data reported in literature sources. As regards quantitative correspondence, its assessment is rather difficult because there is lack of detailed flow path drawings, in view of which it is not possible to carry out numerical simulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 3","pages":"174 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The JIHT RAS Cycle—a New Approach to Combined Electricity and Heat Generation with Complete Carbon Dioxide Capture from Combustion Products","authors":"A. A. Kosoi,&nbsp;A. S. Kosoi,&nbsp;A. V. Krysov,&nbsp;O. S. Popel’,&nbsp;M. V. Sinkevich,&nbsp;S. P. Filippov","doi":"10.1134/S0040601525700880","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0040601525700880","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of power facilities operating on the basis of the innovative thermodynamic cycle developed at the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS) opens the possibility of implementing a new approach to determining the list of thermal power plant equipment at the construction stage with ensuring independent control of electricity and heat generation in a wide range, and discarding the use of peaking hot water boilers and peaking electricity generating capacities. The article presents, taking a hypothetical local power system as an example, a comparative analysis of the efficiencies of the proposed and alternative typical versions of supplying heat and electricity to a settlement in Central Russia with a population of half million people. The performed calculation and theoretical investigations have shown that the proposed version features higher thermodynamic efficiency and the possibility of decreasing the annual fuel consumption by 20–30%. The comparison was carried out without taking into account the energy consumption in the alternative versions for capturing the carbon dioxide (СО₂) produced as a result of fuel combustion. The JIHT RAS thermodynamic cycle employs the oxygen fuel combustion technology, and carbon dioxide is removed from the cycle in liquid form convenient for subsequent СО₂ sequestration/disposal. The conventional units will also have to be equipped with an expensive carbon dioxide capturing system and additional energy expenditures for supporting the operation of this system. Owing to the reduced amount of fuel combusted by thermal power plants furnished with the proposed equipment, they will produce a smaller thermal release. With the use of oxygen fuel combustion, the power equipment will not generate nitrogen oxide, which is harmful for human health and detrimental for the Earth ozone layer. Better maneuverability of the proposed equipment and the possibility to operate at deeply decreased partial loads with high thermal efficiency will serve as a pledge for efficient operation of this equipment jointly with facilities on the basis of renewable energy sources (wind and sun).</p>","PeriodicalId":799,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Engineering","volume":"73 3","pages":"147 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}