Biological signals and receptors最新文献

{"title":"Influence of the temperature signal on sleep in mammals.","authors":"P L Parmeggiani","doi":"10.1159/000014651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of the temperature signal on sleep may be considered physiologically specific if it entails thermoreceptor activation. Experimental evidence shows that sleep time peaks at neutral ambient temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 6","pages":"279-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21856778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bright light during nighttime: effects on the circadian regulation of alertness and performance.","authors":"A Daurat,&nbsp;J Foret,&nbsp;O Benoit,&nbsp;G Mauco","doi":"10.1159/000014654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present studies evaluated to what extent duration (all-night or 4-hour exposures) and timing of nocturnal bright light (BL) (beginning or end of the night) modulate effects on vigilance. The results showed that all-night BL exposure is able to alleviate the nocturnal decrements in alertness and performance. However, under certain circumstances, this continuous BL exposure may induce adverse effects on mood and finally reveal to be counterproductive. Shorter BL exposure (4 h) during nighttime helps improve mood and performance, although the effects of short BL pulses were less efficacious than all-night BL exposure. The latter part of the night appears the best time for using the alerting effect of BL. The immediate alerting effect of BL seems to be mediated by a global activation of the central nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 6","pages":"309-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014654","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21856779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The amygdala: a critical modulator of sensory influence on sleep.","authors":"A R Morrison,&nbsp;L D Sanford,&nbsp;R J Ross","doi":"10.1159/000014652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of external stimuli and the memories of both unpleasant and pleasant conditions clearly can have a considerable impact on the quality of sleep. The amygdala, a structure that plays an important role in coding the emotional significance of stimuli and is heavily interconnected with brainstem nuclei known to be involved in sleep control, has received little attention from sleep researchers. We report on a series of studies, focusing on its central nucleus (Ace). Presence of serotonin (5-HT) in Ace caused a rapid change of state when injected in rapid- eye-movement sleep (REM) compared with non-REM (NREM) injections. A 5-HT antagonist released ponto-geniculo-occipital waves (PGO) into NREM. Stimuli conditioned by pairing with aversive stimuli in a fear-conditioning paradigm significantly increased sound-elicited PGO and reduced REM.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 6","pages":"283-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21856775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adenosine as a biological signal mediating sleepiness following prolonged wakefulness.","authors":"R Basheer,&nbsp;T Porkka-Heiskanen,&nbsp;R E Strecker,&nbsp;M M Thakkar,&nbsp;R W McCarley","doi":"10.1159/000014655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent reports from our laboratory have shown that extracellular adenosine levels selectively increase in basal forebrain during prolonged wakefulness in cats and rats. Furthermore, microdialysis perfusion of adenosine into the basal forebrain (BF) increased sleepiness and decreased wakefulness in both the species, whereas perfusion of the A(1)-receptor-selective antagonist, cyclopentyl-1, 3-dimethylxanthine resulted in increased wakefulness, an observation similar to that found with caffeine or theophylline administration. The selective participation of the A(1) subtype of the adenosine receptor in mediating the effects of adenosine in the BF was further examined by the technique of single unit recording performed in conjunction with microdialysis perfusion of selective agonists and antagonists. Perfusion of the A(1) agonist cyclohexyladenosine, inhibited the activity of wake-active neurons in the basal forebrain. The effect of prolonged wakefulness-induced increases in adenosine levels were further investigated by determining the changes in the BF in the levels of A(1) receptor binding and the levels of its mRNA. We observed that A(1) receptor mRNA levels increase after 6 h of sleep deprivation. One of the transcription factors that showed increased DNA-binding activity was nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and may regulate the expression of A(1) mRNA. We observed, using a gel shift assay, that the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB increased following 3 h of sleep deprivation. This was further supported by the increased appearance of NF-kappaB protein in the nuclear extracts and the consequent disappearance of cytoplasmic protein inhibitor kappaB (I-kappaB). Together our results reviewed in this report suggest that the somnogenic effects of adenosine in the BF area may be mediated by the A(1) subtype of adenosine receptor, and its expression might be regulated by induction in the NF-kappaB protein as its transcription factor. This positive feedback might mediate some of long-duration effects of sleep deprivation, including 'sleep debt'.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 6","pages":"319-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21855949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reciprocal actions between sensory signals and sleep.","authors":"R A Velluti,&nbsp;J L Peña,&nbsp;M Pedemonte","doi":"10.1159/000014653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To the best of our knowledge, there is no simple way to induce neural networks to shift from waking mode into sleeping mode. Our best guess is that a whole group of neurons would be involved and that the process would develop in a period of time and a sequence which are mostly unknown. The quasi-total sensory deprivation elicits a new behavioral state called somnolence. Auditory stimulation as well as total auditory deprivation alter sleep architecture. Auditory units exhibiting firing shifts on passing to sleep (augmenting or diminishing) are postulated to be locked to sleep-related networks. Those ( approximately 50%) that did not change during sleep are postulated to continue informing the brain as in wakefulness. A rhythmic functional plasticity of involved networks is postulated. A number of auditory and visual cells have demonstrated a firing phase locking to the hippocampal theta rhythm. This phase locking occurs both during wakefulness and sleep phases. The theta rhythm may act as an organizer of sensory information in visual and auditory systems, in all behavioral states adding a temporal dimension to the sensory processing. Sensory information from the environment and body continuously modulates the central nervous system activity, over which sleep phenomenology must develop. It also produces a basal tonus during wakefulness and sleep, determining changes in the networks that contribute to sleep development and maintenance and, eventually, it also leads to sleep interruption.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 6","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21855952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical assessment of the melatonin effect on sleep in humans.","authors":"J M Monti,&nbsp;D P Cardinali","doi":"10.1159/000014656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin is synthesized and secreted during the dark period of the light-dark cycle. The rhythmic nocturnal melatonin secretion is directly generated by the circadian clock, located in mammals within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and is entrained to a 24-hour period by the light-dark cycle. The periodic secretion of melatonin may be used as a circadian mediator to any system that can 'read' the message. In addition, direct effects of the hormone on the SCN could explain some of the melatonin effects on the circadian system. Duration of the melatonin nocturnal secretion is directly proportional to the length of the night and it has experimentally been demonstrated to be the critical parameter for photoperiod integration. The sites and mechanisms of action of melatonin for circadian and photoperiodic responses are far from being elucidated, but action through specific membrane receptor sites starts to emerge. A possible bicompartmental model of distribution for melatonin, the first compartment in plasma acting on peripheral organs and the second in the cerebrospinal fluid affecting neurally mediated functions at a much higher concentration, has recently been proposed. From earlier studies it was concluded that melatonin administration to humans reduces sleep latency and induces sleepiness and fatigue. More recently, the effect of lower pharmacologic or physiologic doses of melatonin was examined in different laboratories. These studies included young normal volunteers and patients with chronic insomnia, as well as dementia patients exhibiting sundowning syndrome. Irrespective of the method of assessment, melatonin showed effects in insomniac patients in most studies. With some exceptions, melatonin administration reduced sleep latency and/or increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Furthermore, melatonin was more effective when given to elderly insomniacs, or Alzheimer disease patients, although sleep improvement was not strictly correlated with prior levels of the hormone.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 6","pages":"328-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21855950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin and melanocyte functions.","authors":"B Iyengar","doi":"10.1159/000014648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of melatonin on melanocyte functions was studied by incubating whole-skin organ cultures with melatonin, as well as by assessing melatonin positivity in melanocytes versus dendricity and pigmentation, when arrested in the G(2) phase. From this study, it was observed that melatonin positivity is inversely related to the length of UV exposure. Increasing melatonin levels are related to decreasing dendricity and pigment donation during photoresponse in the G(2) phase. Melanocyte melatonin positivity increases with dark incubation and is higher with a pulse of UV exposure after dark incubation with melatonin. This increase is associated with a doubling of melanocyte number after dark incubation and a further doubling upon exposure to a pulse of UV. The melanocytes directly take up melatonin, which results in a marked increase in their numbers. Thus, extreme caution should be exercised when using melatonin as an anticancer drug. This finding also simulates the melanocyte repopulation of the skin with repigmentation during summer in polar animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 5","pages":"260-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21800530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychoimmune neuroendocrine integrative mechanisms revisited.","authors":"D P Cardinali,&nbsp;R A Cutrera,&nbsp;A I Esquifino","doi":"10.1159/000014643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review analyzes recent publications on the topic of psycho-immune-neuroendocrine integrative mechanisms. Results on the role of cytokines in cognitive processes and in a major neuroendocrine event, i.e. the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, are discussed, as are the effects of cytokines on central neurotransmission. The control of immune responses by local sympathetic nerves, a major pathway in neuroimmune communication, is discussed. This review also updates information indicating that melatonin is a circulating signal affecting the periodic organization of the immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 5","pages":"215-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014643","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21801199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presumptive mediators of growth hormone action on insulin-like growth factor I release by porcine ovarian granulosa cells.","authors":"A V Makarevich,&nbsp;A V Sirotkin","doi":"10.1159/000014646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)- and tyrosine kinase (TK)-dependent intracellular mechanisms in mediating the action of porcine growth hormone (GH) on insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) secretion by porcine ovarian granulosa cells was studied. It was observed that GH-induced stimulation of IGF-I secretion was accompanied by an increase in cAMP production. The stimulation of PKA by the addition of either a cAMP agonist or a phosphodiesterase inhibitor to the medium increased IGF-I release by the cells, indicating a direct stimulation of IGF-I release by cyclic nucleotides. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of GH on IGF-I was completely suppressed by the addition of the PKA blocker Rp-cAMPS. Neither TK blocker altered the basal IGF-I level, but both strongly suppressed the GH-induced increase in IGF-I accumulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that cAMP/PKA- and/or TK-dependent pathways may be involved in the mediation of GH action on IGF-I release by porcine granulosa cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 5","pages":"248-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21801211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular cloning of guinea pig angiotensin type 1 receptor.","authors":"Y Hosoda,&nbsp;I Fujino,&nbsp;K Akagawa,&nbsp;A Kuwahara","doi":"10.1159/000014644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000014644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary structure of cDNA encoding of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) was cloned from guinea pig liver. Guinea pig AT(1)R (GP-AT(1)R) cDNA clone contains a 1,077-bp open reading frame which encodes a protein consisting of 359 amino acid residues. GP-AT(1)R amino acid sequence showed a 92% level of identity among mammalian species. GP-AT(1)R is expressed in liver, kidney, adrenal gland, heart and colon.</p>","PeriodicalId":79565,"journal":{"name":"Biological signals and receptors","volume":"9 5","pages":"231-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000014644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21801202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}