The Science of Nature最新文献

{"title":"A survey of Eocene stomach contents illuminates the origins of frugivory and seed dispersal in neornithine (crown group) birds","authors":"Gerald Mayr,&nbsp;Margaret E. Collinson","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02130-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02130-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stomach contents with seeds in avian fossils from the latest early/earliest middle Eocene Messel oil shale (Germany) are surveyed. 20 bird specimens belonging to 10 species with seeds produced by at least 13 different plant species are reported. The fossils provide the earliest direct evidence for avian frugivory and suggest that seed dispersal by neornithine (crown group) birds occurred earlier and was more extensive than currently thought. For the first time, we report seeds in the stomach content of stem group Trogoniformes, which today are important seed dispersers in the New World tropics. Other birds belong to the Galliformes, Gruiformes (Messelornithidae), Coliiformes, Coraciiformes, and the extinct taxa Halcyornithidae and Zygodactylidae. Extant Coraciiformes are predominantly carnivorous, whereas some Galliformes and Gruiformes as well as the Coliiformes today also consume fruits. All reasonably well-preserved seeds appear to be from angiosperms, including specimens identified as Rutaceae, Mastixiaceae, and Vitaceae. Unidentified seeds represent various other plant groups. Several of the arboreal birds ingested seeds of the Vitaceae. This plant family already evolved in the Late Cretaceous, whereas arboreal Neornithes did not radiate before the early Cenozoic. As such, and at least concerning arboreal birds, these fossils provide evidence for the “recruitment hypothesis”, which suggests that early Cenozoic seed dispersers exploited an existing diversity of edible fruits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00114-026-02130-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could snort production reflect comfort in horses kept outdoors? A first study","authors":"Martine Hausberger,&nbsp;Lucas Matthieu,&nbsp;Maëlle Delbos,&nbsp;Margarita Briseño-Jaramillo,&nbsp;Laurence Wimel,&nbsp;Séverine Henry,&nbsp;Alban Lemasson,&nbsp;Clémence Lesimple","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02113-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02113-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The welfare of free-roaming, captive wild or domestic animals housed outdoors is often questioned. How subjects perceive climatic conditions is not always well detected as it is highly subjective, depending on species, age and experience. Hence, decisions on housing rely mostly on human anthropomorphic perception. In particular, indicators of comfort and positive emotions remain poorly documented. Acoustic signals, however, offer a promising window into animals’ internal states. In the present study, we hypothesized that acoustic signals could be used to identify positive or negative perceptions of environmental conditions in horses. Horses possess a diverse acoustic repertoire and the snort produced by nostril vibration, has been identified as a likely indicator of calm, positive emotions. Over 3 weeks in early spring, acoustic production and time budget were recorded for 20 adult horses living outdoors on pasture. Meteorological conditions and pasture composition were monitored simultaneously. Results showed that snorts were the most frequent acoustic signal and that their production varied considerably across observation sessions. Snort production was highly correlated with temperature: horses produced more snorts and showed more relaxed behaviours when the temperature ranged between 15 and 20 °C. In contrast, lower temperatures around 5–8 °C were associated with more “static” behaviours (reflecting energy conservation) and less snorts. Finally, snorts were more frequent immediately after horses entered a new pasture with higher food diversity than just before leaving, when food diversity had become more restricted. These findings suggest that acoustic production may help identify the subjective perception that animals have from their environment, allowing more individualized and adapted management practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00114-026-02113-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrazole-thiazolidine hybrids as α-amylase inhibitor: a mechanistic and computational investigation","authors":"Haider A. Omran,&nbsp;Dawood S. Abid,&nbsp;Dunya AL-Duhaidahawi,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Majed,&nbsp;Huda H. Nameh,&nbsp;Aamal A. Al-Mutairi,&nbsp;Sami A. Al-Hussain,&nbsp;Magdi E. A. Zaki,&nbsp;Sobhi M. Gomha,&nbsp;Esam A. Alqurashi,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Elhenawy","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02109-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02109-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of therapeutic agents with dual bioactivity represents a promising strategy in modern drug discovery. In this study, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel series of pyrazole-thiazolidine hybrids (<b>5a-f</b>). The chemical structures of all synthesized compounds were unequivocally confirmed through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. The entire series was evaluated for its in vitro biological potential, specifically as antidiabetic agents via α-amylase inhibition and as anticancer agents via cytotoxicity against the PC3 human prostate cancer cell line. In the α-amylase assay, compound <b>5d</b>, bearing a <i>para</i>-nitro substituent, emerged as the most potent inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 15.90 ± 0.88 µg/mL, demonstrating activity nearly equipotent to the standard drug Acarbose. Conversely, in the anticancer screening, compound <b>5f</b>, with a <i>meta</i>-hydroxyl group, displayed the highest cytotoxicity against PC3 cells (IC₅₀ = 108.39 ± 0.95 µg/ml). A striking divergent Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) was observed: <i>para</i>-electron-withdrawing groups were optimal for α-amylase inhibition, whereas <i>meta</i>-substitution was critical for anticancer activity. To rationalize these findings, comprehensive computational studies were performed. Molecular docking revealed distinct binding modes and interaction patterns for each biological target, which strongly correlated with the experimental results. Furthermore, 100-nanosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the most potent α-amylase inhibitors (<b>5c</b> and <b>5d</b>) confirmed the formation of exceptionally stable protein-ligand complexes, elucidating the dynamic mechanism of inhibition at an atomic level. These results establish the pyrazole-thiazolidine scaffold as a highly promising and “tunable” chemotype for the development of novel therapeutic agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional methods may cause allometric analyses to be unreliable","authors":"Gary C. Packard","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02128-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02128-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Contemporary analyses of allometric variation typically entail the fitting of a straight line to logarithmic transformations of the original data, with the slope for the line then being interpreted in the context of untransformed observations. In the process, investigators unwittingly commit statistical errors that may compromise the analyses and ensuing interpretations. Here, I re-examine published data for oxygen consumption vs. body mass in an ontogenetic series of crucian carp (<i>Carassius auratus</i>) to illustrate both the problem and how to avoid it altogether by using nonlinear regression to examine untransformed observations. Whereas a straight line fitted to logarithmic transformations pointed to a two-parameter power equation with an allometric exponent of 0.78 for describing data on the linear scale, the best description for pattern in the original data is shown here to be a straight line with a non-zero intercept. The overall pattern of variation is allometric because of the intercept. However, the pattern of variation over the range in the data is isometric because the implied exponent for the predictor variable is 1. Findings reported here have important implications for the study of bivariate allometry, where the objective of primary importance is to accurately describe the pattern of variation in untransformed observations. The methods applied here provide a useful roadmap for attaining that objective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnobotany of desert medicinal plants and their sustainable ethnomedicinal utilization","authors":"Salman Majeed,&nbsp;Muhammad Zafar,&nbsp;Sayyara Ibadullayeva,&nbsp;Nahaa M Alotaibi,&nbsp;Sheikh Zain Ul Abidin,&nbsp;Muhammad Rizwan Khan,&nbsp;Sumreen Dawood,&nbsp;Khuzin Dinislam,&nbsp;Adnan Amin","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02123-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02123-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the desert areas with indigenous communities, they have a rich array of traditional knowledge regarding the usage of medicinal plants and this has become a major form of their primary health care practices. This broad ethnobotanical strategy in the desert ecosystems and the exploration revealed indigenous knowledge, sustainable resource use, and community well-being can be enhanced through the adoption of the traditions of healing. The data collection of the medicinal plants were conducted from Thal desert using semi-structured interviews, guided field interviews, direct observation, focus group discussions, and surveys, between spring and monsoon 2022.</p><p>The analysis was done in terms of qualitative as well as quantitative indices; Use value (UV), Relative Frequency of citation (RFC) and Cultural Value Index (CVI). An extensive survey documented about 111 plant species of 26 families, of which Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae, were mostly represented, which were typical practices found in Thal desert. Among others, it is worth noting that <i>Tribulus terrestris</i>,<i> Tecomella undulata</i>, and <i>Tamarix aphylla</i> were the most commonly used plants. The most used part of plants was leaves and herbal preparation of traditional remedies mainly the raw, powder and paste application form. In the quantitative analysis, <i>Ziziphus nummularia</i> was found to have the highest RFC value (0.52), while <i>Iphione grantioides</i> had the least RFC value (0.05),The survey uses quantitative ethnobotanical measures, such as the UV, RFC and CVI importance indices to measure and record the indigenous knowledge in a systematic manner in the context of primary health care. Folk tradition in the primary health care practices with an ethnomedical approach to the Thal desert is not only an improved way of improving the well-being of the community, but also an indication of a need to use resources in a sustainable manner.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148300588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of habitat disturbance on activity pattern and diet of de brraza’s monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus) in kafa biosphere reserve, South West Ethiopia","authors":"Melaku Haile,&nbsp;Tsegaye Gadisa,&nbsp;Tadese Habtamu,&nbsp;Tariku Mekonnen Gutema","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02115-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02115-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The activity patterns and feeding habits of primates are altered in response to habitat degradation and fluctuations in food availability. Among the Old-World monkey species, the De Brazza’s monkey (DM), Cercopithecus neglectus, is one of the understudied species in Africa. We evaluated the impact of habitat disturbance on activity patterns and diet of the DM in the three management focal zones (core, buffer and transition) of Bonga and Saja forests of the Kafa Biosphere Reserve. Data were collected using instantaneous scan sampling method from June 2022 to May 2023. Six groups of De Brazza’s monkeys (DMs)- one group from each management zone of the two forests- were observed twice a month. The proportion of time spent on each activity was calculated by dividing the number of records for each activity by the total number of activity records. Slightly more behavioral activities were recorded during the dry season (50.07%, n = 3173) compared to the wet season (49.93%, n = 3163). Feeding was more prevalent in the buffer zone (34.9%, n = 713) compared to the transition zone (31.6%, n = 646). In contrast, moving was most common in the transition zone (38.9%, n = 441) and less frequent in the buffer zone (24.9%, n = 333). The study revealed that the diet of De Brazza’s monkeys consists of 34 plant species, 27 at Bonga and 24 at Saja site, with 17 species common to both sites, while 10 were unique to Bonga and 7 species to Saja. Most of the feeding activity was relatively higher during the wet season (51.8%, n = 2,124). Majority (83.7%) of the feeding scans were scans on fruit bearing trees. More DM diet sources were recorded in transition zones of the two study sites. The findings indicate that moving was more frequent in disturbed zones than the others zones. Seasonality influences the behavior of De Brazza’s monkeys, with a greater proportion of their activities observed during the dry season. An immediate conservation action is necessary to mitigate habitat degradation in the Biosphere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148300679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human earprints in forensic identification: scientific foundations, classification methods, and legal implications","authors":"Deepika Rani,&nbsp;Kewal Krishan","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02127-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02127-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earprint biometrics has been proposed as a forensic identification method based on the distinctive morphology of the external human ear and the prints it may leave on surfaces during criminal activity. Since the late twentieth century, earprints have occasionally been introduced as evidence in criminal investigations and court proceedings in several jurisdictions, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and the United States. Despite these applications, the scientific validity of earprint comparison remains contested. This article presents a narrative review of the forensic, anthropological, and legal literature on earprint identification. It examines the development of earprint research from early anthropometric approaches to contemporary digital and automated comparison techniques. Particular attention is given to the anatomical basis of ear morphology, the classification of earprints, and the methodological frameworks used in forensic comparison. The review also evaluates empirical studies addressing variability in earprint deposition, examiner subjectivity, and the absence of validated statistical models for assessing evidential strength. The medico-legal implications of earprint evidence are examined through analysis of forensic casework and appellate decisions in which earprint testimony played a significant role. These cases illustrate the risks associated with the premature adoption of forensic techniques lacking standardized protocols and empirically established error rates. The review concludes that although earprints may provide investigative information and potentially corroborative evidence, current scientific limitations prevent their reliable use as independent identification evidence. Future progress requires standardized international protocols, large-scale validation studies, probabilistic interpretation frameworks, and interdisciplinary collaboration between forensic scientists, statisticians, and legal scholars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boron supplementation enhances yield, photosynthetic efficiency, enzyme activity, and mineral content in Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.)","authors":"Sajjad Ali,&nbsp;Ehsan Ali,&nbsp;Danyal Rasheed,&nbsp;Riaz Ahmad,&nbsp;Faisal Hayat","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02096-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02096-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Persian clover is an important forage crop cultivated worldwide. Different management practices are being explored to enhance the productivity of Persian clover. The current study explored the beneficial role of boron on growth, yield, nutrient content, and biochemical activities of Persian clover. The experiment was conducted using seven boron foliar treatments at concentrations of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 ppm. Plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, plant height, number of leaves, number of stems, and leaf area were enhanced by 3 and 6 ppm boron. Photosynthetic pigments were improved under 3 and 6 ppm boron, whereas other concentrations caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments due to boron toxicity. Plant biochemical activities were enhanced by supplementation with 3 and 6 ppm of boron. Boron toxicity also occurs at higher concentrations (9, 12, 15, and 18 ppm), resulting in higher malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Moreover, higher concentrations (9, 12, 15, and 18 ppm) suppressed growth, reduced yield, leading to a decline in photosynthetic pigments, and decreased macronutrients levels. A correlation matrix and heatmap were used to evaluate the relationships between the studied traits, indicating that, 3 and 6 ppm boron are the optimum doses for sustainable production of Persian clover.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature effects on survival and dormancy patterns across age groups in vulnerable land snail Vertigo moulinsiana","authors":"Zofia Książkiewicz,&nbsp;Milena Wiśniewska,&nbsp;Bartłomiej Gołdyn","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02126-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02126-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Desmoulin’s whorl snail, <i>Vertigo moulinsiana</i> (Dupuy, 1849) (Gastropoda: Vertiginidae), an endangered micro-mollusc listed as Vulnerable in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, uses aestivation to survive environmental stress. This study aims to evaluate the effects of constant versus fluctuating thermal regimes on survival and activation dynamics of <i>V. moulinsiana.</i> Specimens from each age group individually (juveniles, subadults, adults distinguished based on the number of shell whorls and the presence of apertural barriers) were subjected to six thermal treatments: 23 °C, 35 °C, fluctuations between 25 °C and 35 °C, 4 °C, fluctuations between 4 °C and − 10 °C, and − 10 °C. Study shows that juveniles exhibited the lowest survival rates under low-temperature treatments, whereas adults displayed the tolerance to cold spells. Subadult survival was not significantly influenced by any temperature. Juveniles showed also higher survival under high‐temperature treatments. However, due to sensitivity to desiccation, these temperatures must occur with suitable air humidity. Importantly, temperature fluctuations substantially sped up activation time across all the age groups, whereas constant temperatures led to bet‐hedging response. Given the increasing frequency of extreme climate events under ongoing climate change, these results suggest even increased vulnerability of this species. Understanding its responses to environmental stress is therefore critical for getting to know protection strategies for <i>V. moulinsiana</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00114-026-02126-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multipurpose medicinal tree under threat: biology, phytochemistry, propagation and conservation of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb","authors":"Manish Kumar Vijay,&nbsp;Neelu Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00114-026-02121-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-026-02121-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Dillenia pentagyna</i> Roxb. is a widely distributed yet increasingly threatened multipurpose tree of tropical Asia with significant ethnomedicinal, nutritional, and ecological importance. Despite its recognized value, a comprehensive synthesis integrating recent advances in phytochemistry, propagation biology, and conservation genetics remains limited. This review compiles current knowledge on taxonomy, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, propagation strategies, and conservation status based on literature available up to March 2025. The species is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly pentacyclic triterpenes, flavonoids, sterols, and phenolics, which underpin its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and anticancer properties. However, most studies rely on crude extracts and short term assays, with limited mechanistic, pharmacokinetic, and long-term toxicological validation. Regeneration is constrained by low seed viability, recalcitrant seed behavior, and poor natural recruitment, while vegetative propagation methods show moderate success and emerging micropropagation approaches require further validation. Increasing anthropogenic pressures and habitat degradation have led to regional population declines, highlighting the need for comprehensive genetic, demographic, and conservation assessments. Future priorities include standardized phytochemical profiling, bioassay-guided isolation, rigorous toxicological evaluation, scalable propagation protocols, and population-level genetic studies to support sustainable utilization and long-term conservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"113 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148203605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}