Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics最新文献

{"title":"The ethics of experiments on higher animals","authors":"Michael W. Ross","doi":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90026-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90026-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It has been demonstrated over the last decade that some higher animals can learn sign language and communicate with humans. This finding radically alters some earlier conceptions of animals as being non-sentient, and forces a re-evaluation of the use of higher animals in research. The ethics of using animals are examined in this paper in relation to postulated levels of consciousness, and in relation to experimental design and experimental goals. In particular, an attempt is made to classify experimental situations with regard to potential psychological trauma, and to examine in detail the ethics of using higher animals in psychological research and situations in which such use can be justified. Analysis concentrates on the scientific ramifications of ethical use of animals, and concludes that in the majority of cases, ethical treatment and scientific approach are synonymous.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0271-5392(81)90026-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18211558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On being moral in immoral places.","authors":"G F Reed","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18293481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The moral role differentiation of experimental psychologists.","authors":"H A Bassford","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"27-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18293482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some recent ethical concerns of psychologists in Britain","authors":"D.E. Blackman","doi":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90020-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90020-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent debates about ethical issues in British psychology are illustrated by three examples, namely (i) the development of an ethical code by the British Psychological Society for psychological research involving human subjects, (ii) the ethical and legal implications of psychological research with animals, and (iii) deliberations concerning the desirability of ethical constraints for programmes of behaviour modification in hospitals. These issues are discussed in terms of the reciprocity of influence in interactions between psychologists and others, the use of aversive procedures, and the involvement of institutionalized procedures in regulating the conduct of psychologists. The review indicates that, as in other countries, ethical issues in psychology have been widely discussed in Britain in recent years.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0271-5392(81)90020-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88796065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The moral role differentiation of experimental psychologists","authors":"H.A. Bassford","doi":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90023-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90023-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This essay asks whether the discipline of experimental psychology is morally role differentiated; whether, that is, the social functions or contributions of that discipline give rise to special norms which allow experimental psychologists to weight some moral considerations less heavily than would be required in everyday situations. This question is important to experimental psychology because of the large number of research procedures which clearly would be immoral if carried out by the non-professional.</p><p>The essay shows that any claim to moral role differentiation for the discipline must involve proposing first that the results of psychological experimentation are of great value to furthering human welfare (this claim is not disputed in the essay), and second that these general benefits override the specific harms or disutilities caused to the subjects of particular experiments. The essay argues that in most cases experimenters can roughly calculate utilities arising from individual experiments so cannot appeal to the general benefits of research to excuse themselves from ordinary moral considerations in deciding whether to undertake particular experiments. The essay further argues that the utilitarian (cost-benefit) model itself must be modified by various considerations of human rights, which lay even more stringent moral consideration upon the psychologist. Accordingly, experimental psychology is only very weakly morally role differentiated. This result, however, does not significantly undercut psychological research, for most experimental procedures can be modified to conform with the relevant moral consideration. Further, a proper consideration of the rights model shows that many of the current concerns about obtaining informed consent are misplaced and put morally unnecessary burdens upon the experimental psychologist.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 27-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0271-5392(81)90023-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75355155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some recent ethical concerns of psychologists in Britain.","authors":"D E Blackman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18293483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical considerations in the aversive control of behavior","authors":"Hank Davis","doi":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90027-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90027-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper focusses upon ethical concerns about the use of aversive stimuli to control behavior. Each of the basic aversive control procedures (e.g. punishment, avoidance) is defined, followed by a separate discussion of aversive control work involving animal and human subjects. Aversive control with humans does not pose a major ethical problem insofar as research with aversive stimuli is virtually prohibited, and most behavior modification using noxious stimuli requires informed consent. Those cases in which informed consent is not obtained are ethically troublesome, but for reasons unrelated to the use of aversive stimuli, <em>per se</em>. In contrast, aversive control work with animals is potentially more problematic. Informed consent is not obtainable, and ethical guidelines are generally less rigorous than those involving human subjects. Justification for the use of animal subjects in aversive control experiments typically centers upon the utility or application of the findings, rather than the pursuit of ‘pure knowledge’. However, it is argued that a <em>priori</em> judgements about the utility of research findings may be speculative at best, and lead to facile justifications. It is suggested that, regardless of how they are justified, aversive control experiments with animal subjects should employ a moderate range of stimulus parameters, although a survey of the experimental literature suggests that this has not been the case. Finally, a number of seemingly anomalous findings, related to the prediction and control of aversive stimuli, are surveyed. These results challenge the simplistic view that shock <em>qua</em> shock is cruel, and that cruelty increases linearly with the number of shocks delivered. These findings, and the principles they embody, may themselves be applied to the design of subsequent experiments. In short, the utility principle can be extended beyond its usual application to human suffering, and applied to the design of more humane, and equally sensitive research with aversive stimuli.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0271-5392(81)90027-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18293486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics of behavior modification: Behavioral and medical psychology","authors":"Nancy K. Innis","doi":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90028-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0271-5392(81)90028-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There appear to be two separate, although related, ethical issues with respect to behavior modification. The first, which involves defining and establishing the rules of conduct within which the practitioner must work, is common to all forms of therapy. The second, and more controversial, issue has developed out of a concern about the use of scientific methods to change human behavior. This paper examines some of the general ethical problems faced by behavior modifiers, with special emphasis on the problems which have resulted from an empirical and objective approach to behavior change. For example, the use of aversive stimuli and the institution of token economies have been widely criticized. It is suggested that many behavior modification procedures and their consequences have been misunderstood or even misrepresented, giving behavior modification an underserved bad reputation. The education of the general public as to what behavior modification entails is an obvious first step. The development of joint experimental-applied programs for training behavior modifiers is also encouraged. Practitioners with this type of training, aware of recent changes in the basic principles of learning theory, may be better prepared to develop new behavioral treatment procedures which will be less open to criticism and more acceptable to the general public.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0271-5392(81)90028-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79161053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ethics of psychological research. Part III. On application of scientific knowledge: Ethics of behavior modification--behavioral and medical psychology.","authors":"N. K. Innis","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-028116-2.50012-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-028116-2.50012-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"2 1","pages":"69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73300180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ethics of experiments on higher animals.","authors":"M. Ross","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-028116-2.50010-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-028116-2.50010-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79378,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part F, Medical & social ethics","volume":"86 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81255268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}