Journal of cardiovascular risk最新文献

{"title":"Random capillary blood sugar and coronary risk factors in a south Kerala population.","authors":"V Raman Kutty,&nbsp;Chittakkodam R Soman,&nbsp;Aleyamma Joseph,&nbsp;K Vijaya Kumar,&nbsp;Ramdas Pisharody","doi":"10.1097/01.hjr.0000049241.21319.7c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000049241.21319.7c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in one subdivision of a district in south India prompted us to look at the prevalence of other major coronary risk factors, and relate these to random blood sugar values.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional survey of all adult residents of four wards (clusters of households) of a subdivision. Detailed investigation for diabetes and blood lipids in a selected subsample with random blood sugar (RBS) >109 mg/dl by glucometer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From the selected wards, we conducted a standard oral glucose tolerance test and serum lipids in all those who had RBS above 109 mg/dl by glucometer. Risk factors such as smoking, obesity (body mass index > 29.9), high blood pressure (systolic pressure > 139; diastolic pressure > 89 mmHg) and sedentary habits were assessed in all irrespective of RBS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence of all risk factors increases with age. Mean RBS ranges from 92.9 +/- 15.7 to 108.8 +/- 35.7 mg/dl in males and 88.6 +/- 16.0 to 117.3 +/- 61.6 mg/dl in females, between the age groups 20-29 to > 69. Risk factor prevalence varied with area of residence, with urban population reporting highest prevalence for type 2 diabetes and obesity, and coastal population for hypertension. For increasing levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG < 100, 100-124 and > 125 mg/dl), serum total cholesterol values were 5.21 +/- 1.08 mM/l, 5.38 +/- 0.86 mM/l and 5.63 +/- 1.37 mM/l for males. For females, corresponding values were 5.23 +/- 1.11 mM/l, 5.54 +/- 1.15 mM/l, and 5.49 +/- 1.10 mM/l respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Risk factor prevalence varies with area of residence within the study population. Mean plasma lipid levels are high among both sexes, tending to rise with increasing mean fasting plasma glucose levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 6","pages":"361-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22152979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronary artery calcification at electron beam computed tomography is increased in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics independent of traditional risk factors.","authors":"Megan L Wolfe,&nbsp;Nayyar Iqbal,&nbsp;Warren Gefter,&nbsp;Emile R Mohler,&nbsp;Daniel J Rader,&nbsp;Muredach P Reilly","doi":"10.1097/01.hjr.0000049242.21319.a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000049242.21319.a7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is two- to fourfold greater in type 2 diabetics than in non-diabetics and cannot be accounted for by traditional risk factors alone. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) at electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) is a non-invasive index of coronary atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that the presence and extent of CAC would be greater in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics than in non-diabetics independent of traditional risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed CAC data of all asymptomatic subjects referred for EBCT between 1996-1999 and compared CAC scores in type 2 diabetics ( n= 71) to all non-diabetics ( n= 1481) and to a randomly selected group of non-diabetics matched for all traditional CVD risk factors ( n= 71).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CAC scores were greater in type 2 diabetics (272 +/- 472, median 41) than in all non-diabetics (104 +/- 288, median 4; < 0.01) and matched non-diabetics (188 +/- 354; < 0.05, median 12; < 0.05). The odds ratio (OR) for the presence of CAC (scores > 0) in type 2 diabetics was 2.9 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.1-7.8] after adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors. Type 2 diabetes was also associated (adjusted OR 2.15, 95%CI 1.3-3.6) with the extent of CAC when categorized as an ordinal outcome (CAC scores 0, 1-79, 80-399 and > 400). In type 2 diabetics, age, sex and body mass index were associated with extent of CAC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CAC scores at EBCT are greater in type 2 diabetics than non-diabetic subjects, cannot be accounted for by traditional risk factors alone and may be useful for identifying novel factors for coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 6","pages":"369-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22152980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronary artery disease risk factors & their association with physical activity in older athletes.","authors":"Swapan Kumar Dey,&nbsp;Chandradipa Ghosh,&nbsp;Parthasarathi Debray,&nbsp;Malay Chatterjee","doi":"10.1097/01.hjr.0000049244.21319.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000049244.21319.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effects of present-day physical activity on selected coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors of older former athletes and to compare these selected risk factors with age-matched older non-athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The selected CAD risk factors were compared among the active older athletes ( n= 52; 45.9 +/- 4.75 years), sedentary older athletes ( n= 54; 47.2 +/- 4.67 years), and sedentary older non-athletes (n = 56; 46.0 +/- 5.26 years) of Calcutta and surroundings. CAD risk factors including anthropometric obesity parameters, blood lipids and blood pressure were measured. The present-day total physical activity of each individual was assessed by a questionnaire and estimated through the sum of energy expended during habitual, professional, recreational and conditioning physical activities, and sleeping time. The total physical activity was expressed as energy expended in mega joules per kilogram of body weight per week (MJ.kg. week ). Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was assessed by maximal treadmill test. Body score distributions in each group were also calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The selected CAD risk factors differed significantly among the groups. The sedentary older athletes had significantly higher mean values in weight, BMI, body fat percentage, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (total C/HDLC) than that of active older athletes and sedentary older non-athletes. A reverse trend was observed in the case of HDL cholesterol. On the other hand, the presently active older athletes had significantly favourable levels of most of the selected CAD risk factors than the sedentary older athletes and non-athletes. The present-day total physical activity had significant negative association with total cholesterol, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, resting systolic blood pressure when controlling for the effects of age, body mass index and body fat percentages. So, it is confirmed from this analysis that the subjects in the present study who had a greater present-day total physical activity had favourable CAD risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study indicate that the risk for CAD or levels of selected CAD risk factors of former athletes after retirement from active sports were more related to the present-day physical activity i.e., higher total physical activity lowers the risk of coronary artery disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 6","pages":"383-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22152982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise training alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial morphometry in heart failure patients.","authors":"Cheryl Santoro,&nbsp;Arthur Cosmas,&nbsp;Danial Forman,&nbsp;Alia Morghan,&nbsp;Lynn Bairos,&nbsp;Sebrina Levesque,&nbsp;Ronenn Roubenoff,&nbsp;James Hennessey,&nbsp;Linda Lamont,&nbsp;Thomas Manfredi","doi":"10.1097/01.hjr.0000049243.21319.ee","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000049243.21319.ee","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous research has demonstrated that exercise intolerance in heart failure patients is associated with significant alterations in skeletal muscle ultrastructure and oxidative metabolism that may be more consequential than cardiac output.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>To examine the effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle mitochondrial size in chronic heart failure patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six heart failure patients participated in 16-weeks of supervised upper and lower extremity exercise training. At the conclusion of training, percutaneous needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were taken and electron microscopy was used to assess mitochondrial sizes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The exercise programme resulted in a significant increase in peak maximal oxygen consumption ( P< 0.05) and anaerobic threshold (P < 0.04). Knee extension muscle force increased following training ( P< 0.02). After exercise training, the average size of the mitochondria increased by 23.4% (0.036 to 0.046 mu(2), P< 0.015) and the average shape was unaltered.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exercise training with heart failure patients alters skeletal muscle morphology by increasing mitochondrial size, with no change in shape. This may enhance oxidative metabolism resulting in an increased exercise tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 6","pages":"377-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22152981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women and coronary heart disease risk factors.","authors":"Vera Bittner","doi":"10.1097/01.hjr.0000044514.34172.4d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000044514.34172.4d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among women is high and cardiovascular risk factors often occur in clusters. Strong relationships between exposure to cigarette smoke, physical inactivity, hypertension, and abnormal levels of lipoproteins and homocysteine and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD) in women are evident from many studies, while the impact of menopause, psychosocial factors, and inflammatory markers is less clear and requires further study. Observational studies document that smoking cessation reduces CHD risk among persons with and without existing CHD, and that moderate levels of physical activity are associated with lower CHD risk. Clinical trials over the last decade have convincingly shown that treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia reduces CHD risk in both genders, but many women (and men) with hypertension and dyslipidemia remain either untreated or under-treated.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 6","pages":"315-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22153039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular risk.","authors":"Giuseppe Barbaro","doi":"10.1177/174182670200900511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174182670200900511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular complications in the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are multifactorial and may be caused by the virus itself or by the related opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which dramatically modifies the natural history of HIV disease, causes in a high proportion of patients a metabolic syndrome that includes body fat redistribution, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance. These effects are particularly evident in patients treated with protease inhibitors (PIs). However, studies on the cardiovascular risk among HIV-infected individuals receiving PIs have not shown a consistent association. The pathogenesis of the HAART-associated metabolic syndrome has not been completely elucidated, but there is growing evidence that a synergistic effect between PIs and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors might play a significant role. All HIV-infected patients candidate to antiretroviral therapy and patients already under treatment should undergo an assessment that includes the evaluation of the cardiovascular risk with the available guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 5","pages":"295-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174182670200900511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22077595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging of atherosclerosis. Coronary wall imaging with MRI.","authors":"Robin P Choudhury,&nbsp;Zahi A Fayad","doi":"10.1177/174182670200900506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174182670200900506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contrast arteriography is routinely used in the diagnosis and management of coronary atherosclerosis. However, it is recognized that conventional arteriography can not image plaque directly or provide prognostic information based on plaque characterization. Noninvasive, high-resolution magnetic resonance has the potential to image coronary plaque and to determine its composition and microanatomy. This review summarizes the rationale for coronary plaque imaging, and describes the characteristics of plaque using existing MRI techniques. Current and future applications of MRI, including the development of new contrast agents, targeted molecular imaging and the application of MRI to percutaneous coronary intervention are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 5","pages":"263-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174182670200900506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22077648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging of atherosclerosis. Intravascular imaging of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: spotlight on temperature measurement.","authors":"Stefan Verheye,&nbsp;Leonidas Diamantopoulos,&nbsp;Patrick W Serruys,&nbsp;Glenn Van Langenhove","doi":"10.1177/174182670200900504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174182670200900504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is associated with an increased number of acute coronary syndromes. Current techniques such as coronary angiography are unable to detect and prospectively evaluate these lesions. Recently, other techniques, both invasive and noninvasive, are being developed trying to detect the plaque that is at increased risk for rupture eventually resulting in increased thrombosis. This review describes briefly evolving techniques for imaging of vulnerable plaques and describes in detail intravascular thermography.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 5","pages":"247-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174182670200900504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22077646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of body iron stores and haemochromatosis genotypes on coronary heart disease outcomes in the Busselton health study.","authors":"Christopher J Fox,&nbsp;Digby J Cullen,&nbsp;Matthew W Knuiman,&nbsp;G Neil Cumpston,&nbsp;Mark L Divitini,&nbsp;Enrico Rossi,&nbsp;Peter A Gochee,&nbsp;Lawrie W Powell,&nbsp;John K Olynyk","doi":"10.1177/174182670200900510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/174182670200900510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increased iron stores and haemochromatosis gene mutations may be risk factors for coronary heart disease. The aims of this study were to determine in a stable community population whether increased iron stores or haemochromatosis gene mutations were risk factors for coronary heart disease.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated 1185 men and 1141 women aged 20-79 years of predominantly Anglo-Celtic descent from the 1994-95 assessment of the Busselton population in Western Australia. Subjects underwent haemochromatosis genotyping, serum iron studies, clinical, biochemical and ECG evaluation for coronary heart disease and associated risk factors. Hospital admissions or death from cardiovascular disease were determined by linkage with the Western Australian morbidity and mortality database. The study design was cross-sectional for the 1994-95 cohort comparing coronary heart disease cases with unaffected subjects and unaffected subjects were followed prospectively until December 1998.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cross-sectional and prospective cohort analyses demonstrated that elevated serum iron parameters or possession of either the C282Y or H63D mutations in the gene were not predictive of increased risk for coronary heart disease in men or women.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increased iron stores or haemochromatosis gene mutations are not significant risk factors for coronary heart disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 5","pages":"287-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/174182670200900510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22077594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging of atherosclerosis. Elastography.","authors":"Stéphane G Carlier,&nbsp;Chris L de Korte,&nbsp;Elisabeth Brusseau,&nbsp;Johannes A Schaar,&nbsp;Patrick W Serruys,&nbsp;Anton F W van der Steen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravascular ultrasound elastography is a method for measuring the local elastic properties of coronary atherosclerotic plaques using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Mechanical properties of the different tissues within a plaque are measured through strain. In the last decade, several groups have applied elastography intravascularly with various levels of success. In this paper, the approaches of the different research groups will be discussed and the focus will be on our approach to the application of intravascular elastography.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"9 5","pages":"237-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22077645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}