Journal of cardiovascular risk最新文献

{"title":"Mechanoelectric coupling as a fundamental surrogate in ventricular arrhythmia?","authors":"M J Lab","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700303","url":null,"abstract":"1350-6277 © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Introduction William of Occam (1280-1349) was an English theologian and philosopher (the prevailing government and church regarded him as subversive). He stated: 'Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatum'. This is otherwise known as Occam's Razor. Roughly interpreted as far as science is concerned, it proposed that rather than five hypotheses to explain (say) five observations, it is preferable to invoke one hypothesis to explain all of them. Cardiovascular clinical correlates from the perspective of predicting sudden arrhythmic death, run the gamut from the fairly abstract, such as indices employing non-linear dynamics ('chaos') and heart rate variability, through to electrophysiological phenomena such as late potentials, QT dispersion, and alternans; then on to mechanical indices such as ejection fraction. They even include psychosocial factors, which may be related to autonomic imbalance. Although some of these aspects have been related to mechanical factors in previous reviews [1-7], this article is not just-yet another one. It re-assembles and summarizes the data and presents a different viewpoint.' It bears on the possibility that many of the mechanical and arrhythmic factors impinge on a common pathway. It examines the previously published correlates and evidence and suggests that abnormalities in cardiac load provide some putative common path in the cascades of the clinical and monitoring observations. Boldly posed, it asks whether mechanoelectric coupling, or feedback, can be an embracing clinical correlate.","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 3","pages":"177-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21840815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental studies on myocardial stretch and ventricular arrhythmia in hypertrophied and non-hypertrophied hearts.","authors":"S J Evans,&nbsp;G R Dalton,&nbsp;A J Levi","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertension affects about 5% of western populations and in the majority of cases it is of unknown aetiology. It exposes the heart to greater levels of myocardial stretch as a result of increased systolic pressure and peripheral resistance. Under certain circumstances myocardial stretch may trigger arrhythmias but the mechanisms and clinical importance of this phenomenon are unclear. This article outlines the risks of sudden cardiac death conferred by hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, presents the results of experiments using an animal model of myocardial stretch and discusses some possible mechanisms underlying stretch-induced arrhythmias which may be important in hypertensive patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 3","pages":"163-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21840814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifactorial approach to the prevention of coronary heart disease: from computer to paper and pencil?","authors":"M Kornitzer,&nbsp;R Koyunco","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Europe the multifactorial clinical approach to the prevention of coronary heart disease is based on the Framingham equation presented in graphical form including age, sex, level of total serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To propose a straightforward paper-and-pencil score (Global Coronary Risk Score) including level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the Belgian or more broadly western European population derived from 10-year follow-up mortality of a Belgian national population sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This score has the same predictive power as the Framingham equation both for men aged 35-74 years and for women aged 50-74 years. It gives a ranking of subjects into four groups according to their relative risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coronary Risk Score is user friendly and probably has pedagogical virtues.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 3","pages":"201-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21840819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost effectiveness of coronary calcification scanning using electron beam tomography in intermediate and high risk asymptomatic individuals.","authors":"J A Rumberger","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical therapy of hyperlipidemia is clearly beneficial. In the patient without established heart disease however, conventional risk assessment is imprecise and determining which patients are at highest versus lowest risk is a common clinical conundrum. It is well established that the most powerful determinant to risk is the overall extent/severity of coronary disease. Electron beam tomography (EBT) and quantification of coronary artery calcium has been shown to provide a valid non-invasive surrogate to atherosclerotic plaque burden. Screening patients who are considered to be at traditional intermediate to high risk by first using EBT can refine the broad-based population risk to a more individual basis. Data that is based upon a model developed for application of EBT are presented, which discuss its potential as a cost effective application to guide statin therapy in intermediate and high-risk sub-groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"113-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21722477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of coronary calcification scanning in risk factor assessment.","authors":"D J Rader","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700201","url":null,"abstract":"Coronary artery disease will soon be the leading cause of death in the world. Given the long period during which coronary atherosclerosis progresses silently and without symptoms, often followed by an abrupt presentation of acute myocardial infarction or sudden death, the need for identification of persons at high risk and an aggressive preventive approach seems clear. The roles of lifestyle modification, lipid-lowering drug therapy, and platelet inhibition in reducing the risk of coronary events in secondary prevention are well established. However, decisions about whom to treat with drugs in primary prevention are considerably more difficult. Unfortunately, most. of our conventional screening tools to detect coronary artery disease, such as stress testing and perfusion imaging, rely upon a flow limiting coronary plaque. Furthermore, it has been estimated that only about half of the variation in coronary artery disease (CAD) can be explained by known traditional risk factors [1]. There is a clear need for diagnostic tools that predict future development of clinical coronary disease in patients who have not yet developed symptoms.","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"89-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21721340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliography. Current world literature.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700211","url":null,"abstract":"Acta Cardiologies (Acta Cardiol) American Heart Journal (Am Heart J) American Journal of Cardiology (Am J Cardiol) American Journal of Hypertension (Am J Hypertens) American Journal of Preventive Medicine (Am J Prev Med) Annals of Internal Medicine (Ann Intern Med) Annals of Medicine (Ann Med) Annals of Thoracic Surgery (Ann Thorac Surg) Annual Review of Medicine (Annu Rev Med) Annual Review of Public Health (Annu Rev Public Health) Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc BioI) Atherosclerosis (Atherosclerosis) British Journalof Hospital Medicine (Br J Hosp Med) British Medical Journal (BMJ) Cardiology (Cardiology) Cardiovascular Research (Cardiovasc Res) Cerebrovascular Diseases (Cerebrovasc Dis) Circulation (Circulation) Circulation Research (Circ Res) Clinical Cardiology (Clin Cardiol) Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (Clin Exp Hypertens) Coronary Artery Disease (Coron Artery Dis) Current Problems in Cerdiology (Curr Probl Cardiol) Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (Diabetes Res Clin Pract) Diabetic Medicine (Diabet Med) European Heart Journal (Eur Heart J) Heart (Heart) Heart and Lung (Heart Lung) Hypertension (Hypertension) InternationalJournalof Epidemiology (lnt J Epidemiol) International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders (lnt JObes Relat Metab Disord) JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Japanese Heart Journal (Jpn Heart J) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (J Clin Epidemiol) Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (J Oin Pharm Ther) Journal of Human Hypertension (J Hum Hypertens) Journal of Hypertension (J Hypertens) Journal of Internal Medicine (J Intern Med) Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg) Journal of the American College of Cardiology (J Am Coli Cardiol) lancet (lancet) New England Journal of Medicine (N Engl J Med) PACE Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology (PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol) Pediatric Cardiology (Pediatr Cardiol) Pediatric Clinics of North America (Pediatr Clin North Am) Postgraduate Medical Journal (Postgrad Med J) Postgraduate Medicine (Postgrad Med) Preventive Medicine (Prev Med) Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (Prog Cardiovasc Dis) Public Health (Public Health) Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal (Scand Cardiovasc J) Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis (Semin Thromb Hemost) Stroke (Stroke) Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon (Thorac Cardiovasc Surg)","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"153 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21722482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS): baseline characteristics and comparison with USA population.","authors":"M Clearfield,&nbsp;E J Whitney,&nbsp;S Weis,&nbsp;J R Downs,&nbsp;D R Shapiro,&nbsp;E A Stein,&nbsp;D J Watson,&nbsp;A Langendörfer,&nbsp;P A Beere,&nbsp;J Stamler,&nbsp;A M Gotto","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Results of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS) demonstrated that treatment with lovastatin, in addition to modifications of diet and lifestyle, reduced the rate of first acute major coronary events compared with placebo in a cohort that included participants with average to mildly elevated total levels of cholesterol, and below average levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, women, and elderly subjects.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the baseline characteristics of the study's cohort.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, primary-prevention trial in which Americans with average to mildly elevated total levels of cholesterol [4.65-6.83 mmol/l (180-264 mg/dl)] and no clinical evidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were randomly allocated either 20-40 mg/day lovastatin or placebo in addition to a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet. Baseline characteristics of the study cohort are described, and the characteristics of a USA reference population based upon NHANES III data are provided for comparison.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study includes 5608 men (85%) and 997 women (15%) with mean total cholesterol level 5.71 +/- 0.54 mmol/l (221 +/- 21 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level 3.88 +/- 0.44 mmol/l (150 +/- 17 mg/dl), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 0.96 +/- 0.15 mmol/l (37 +/- 6 mg/dl), and median triglyceride level 1.78 +/- 0.86 mmol/l (158 +/- 76 mg/dl). The mean age is 58 years (ranges 45-73 years for men and 55- 73 years for women). The participants are 89% white, 7% Hispanic, and 3% black.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results from AFCAPS/TexCAPS will be applicable to large segments of populations; in the USA alone, eight million share the demographic and baseline-lipid-level characteristics of the study cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"125-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21722479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How previous angina influences early prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction.","authors":"A Gürlek,&nbsp;S Turhan,&nbsp;T Altin,&nbsp;M Alpaslan,&nbsp;C Erol,&nbsp;G Pamir,&nbsp;D Oral","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is little information about how previous angina influences the complications of myocardial infarction and also contradictory results have been reported.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the risk factors for myocardial infarction, complications, performance of left ventricle, and coronary angiography findings of patients who had suffered acute myocardial infarction with those for patients who had not.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied 600 patients diagnosed to have suffered acute myocardial infarction. Patients are grouped into those having previously had angina for at least 1 month preceding acute myocardial infarction (group I, n = 308 patients; 223 men and 85 women, mean age 60.4 +/- 10.6 years) and those who had not had angina (group II, n = 292 patients; 221 men and 71 women, mean age 58 +/- 9 years). The risk factors, complications (cardiogenic shock, heart failure, disturbances of rhythm and conduction, cardiac rupture and death), left-ventricle ejection fraction, and echocardiography and coronary angiographic findings during hospitalization are compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference with respect to localization of myocardial infarction (anterior, inferior, and non-Q) between groups I and II (P> 0.05). Hypertension in members of group I was higher (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference with respect to diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and cigarette smoking (P > 0.05). Heart failure (P< 0.05), cardiogenic shock (P< 0.01), incidence of ventricular premature systole > 3/min (P< 0.001) and atrial fibrillation (P< 0.05) were seen more prevalently in group II than they were in group I. There was no difference between the two groups with respect to bundle-branch blockage and third-degree atrioventricular blockage. Incidences of ventricular fibrillation, rupture of interventricular septum (IVS) and death in hospital were higher in group II (6.2 versus 3.6%, 6.2 versus 3.2%, 2.1 versus 0.6%) but were not statistically significant. Coronary angiography detected no statistically significant difference with respect to disease in left main coronary artery, and one-vessel and two-vessel disease; but three-vessel disease was significantly more prevalent in group II (P < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Heart failure, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia (more than three VPS within 1 min and atrial fibrillation), and three-vessel disease detected by coronary angiography were found more often in the myocardial infarct patients without previous angina and these differences were statistically significant. In-hospital mortality and cardiac rupture were also found more commonly in this group and ejection fractions measured by echocardiography were found to be less, but these differences were statistically insignificant.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"135-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21722480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathophysiology of coronary calcification.","authors":"K E Watson","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcification is a prominent feature of atherosclerosis, frequently associated with myocardial infarction and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Currently, calcification is widely viewed as an end-stage, degenerative process which is inevitable in advanced atherosclerosis. Pathologists, however, have long noted that calcification may occur early in atherosclerosis and, at times, may appear histologically identical to organized bone, including areas resembling bone marrow. These observations suggest that rather than being a passive process, atherosclerotic calcification may instead be an active, regulated process similar to that of osteogenesis. Using an in-vitro model of arterial calcification a subpopulation of artery wall cells, capable of producing hydroxyapatite mineral in vitro was discovered. This article discusses some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of arterial calcification identified utilizing this in-vitro model of vascular calcification.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"93-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21721341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summer-winter differences in 24 h variability of heart rate.","authors":"E Kristal-Boneh,&nbsp;P Froom,&nbsp;G Harari,&nbsp;M Malik,&nbsp;J Ribak","doi":"10.1177/204748730000700209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine possible seasonal changes in heart rate variability (HRV).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Greater than normal mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the winter has been reported for many countries and might be partly explained by considering seasonal changes in CVD risk factors. Depression of HRV is an independent predictor of arrhythmic complications and of cardiac death, and it is also among the variables that may be affected by the season of the year.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We compared pairs of 24 h HRV data of 120 healthy men who were examined once in the summer and once in the winter. Multivariate analyses were performed for each dependent variable (HRV indexes) in separate statistical models with age, resting heart rate, serum level of cholesterol, cigarette smoking, body mass index, sports habits, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, physical activity at work, years of education, consumption of energy, and season as the independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although there were no seasonal differences in mean R-R interval, all indexes of HRV were found to be lower in the summer than they were during winter. Differences and 95% confidence intervals were standard deviation (SD) of coupling intervals between normal beats 12 ms, 6-17 ms; SD of 5 min mean R-R intervals 14 ms, 8-20 ms; mean of all 5 min SD of R-R intervals 2.0 ms, 0.6-2.5 ms; proportion of adjacent R-R intervals differing by > 50 ms 1.5%, 0.6-2.5% and root mean square of the difference between successive normal intervals 3.1 ms, 1.5-4 ms. Multivariate analyses showed that HRV in the winter was less than that in the summer even after adjustment for age, serum level of cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HRV indexes of healthy men vary physiologically by season, with lowest values obtained in the winter. Since low HRV is linked to pathologic conditions, the significance of seasonal changes for those suffering from CVD and their possible contribution to the greater mortality rates in winter have to be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":79345,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cardiovascular risk","volume":"7 2","pages":"141-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/204748730000700209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21722481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}