Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Diabetes as a stigmatized condition: The case of low-income clinic patients in the United States","authors":"Susan Hopper","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(81)90004-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(81)90004-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While the concept of stigma has been used to discuss chronically-ill individuals, it has not been incorporated into a more holistic framework that considers cultural, social and economic variables. This paper analyzes aspects of stigma as expressed within a lower-income clinic diabetic population in the United States. Specifically, the effect of diabetes on changes in the individual's physical abilities, social interaction, employment, and perceptions of self-care are discussed as they interact with social isolation and stigma. Stigma as a social consequence of diabetes for this particular group, is examined as it relates to issues of self-care, non-compliance with medical regime, and conflicts with practitioners.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(81)90004-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18224540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The organization of soviet medical care","authors":"Boris M. Segal","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(81)90014-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(81)90014-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 83-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(81)90014-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"101872174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical ethics in cross-cultural and multi-cultural perspectives","authors":"Peter Kunstadter","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90054-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90054-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent concern with medical ethics is confined almost entirely to Western nations and Western medical systems, and is inspired primarily by contemporary technological developments. Little attention has been paid in past research to the logical necessity that an effective ethics must assign priorities between coexisting values in situations where difficult choices must be made, nor has empirical research been carried out to determine whether the choices that are made reflect a consistent ordering of values in supposedly homogeneous Western societies.</p><p>Medical ethics have received little attention in comparative studies of medical systems, or in the cross-cultural transfer of medical knowledge and technology, where they may have major policy implications, as, for example, in family planning programs. Current ethical concerns in the West are dominated by the implications of new medical technology which may have little immediate application to non-Western countries, but such ethical questions as the allocation of scarce medical resources and the conflicts of obligations of healers to patients and other members of society must exist in all societies.</p><p>The processes by which patients and practitioners are socialized with regard to medical ethics and the formal and informal mechanisms for inducing conformity to ethical standards are poorly described in studies of non-Western medical systems. Other than the question of religious differences, studies of Western medical ethics have not considered cultural differences, and simply ignore the pluralism which exists in healing systems of Western societies. Studies of the ethical implications of medical pluralism in non-Western societies have yet to be made.</p><p>Aside from their inherent interest and potential importance for cross-cultural medical policy, comparative studies of medical ethics in cross-and multi-cultural context should yield important clues as to the structure of the moral order in complex and changing traditional socieities. Case studies of medical ethical problems, observation of the processes of medical decision-making, descriptive ethnography of formal and informal methods of inducing conformity with medical ethical values, and questionnaires tailored to the particular culture should be particularly helpful in studying these phenomena.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 289-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90054-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18224538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical pluralism and health services in India","authors":"Aneeta A. Minocha","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90047-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90047-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The problem of the equitable distribution of health services has gained universal recognition. In the developing countries, studies have indicated an uneven distribution of medical and health services, and various people have offered alternate approaches, strategies, and programmes to rectify this imbalance. Based on these reports, programmes have been launched in India, but unwarranted assumptions and biases underlie generalizations in this literature about the Indian medical situation. For example, the system of modern medicine has been characterized as elitist, urban-oriented, curative, hospital-based and so forth; and therefore, by implication, unsuited to Indian conditions. The result is a simplistic picture which has obfuscated clear thinking.</p><p>The problem has multiple dimensions, making it imperative for the sociologist to disentangle the issues. One has to clarify the meaning of medical pluralism in India, and separate its various components. There is need to separate the political from the economic dimensions of health and medical problems, and to isolate the purely medical from the non-medical interventions in health care. One has also to analyze the community's response to medical pluralism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 217-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90047-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18099820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical pluralism on a Guatemalan plantation","authors":"Sheila Cosminsky,&nbsp;Mary Scrimshaw","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90052-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90052-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the alternative medical resources and treatments utilized by a population on a Guatemalan coffee and sugar plantation. This is part of a larger multidisciplinary project concerning the assessment of the health and nutritional status of this population. The study revealed a pluralistic complex of multiple and simultaneous usage including home remedies, curanderos, herbalists, midwives, spiritists, shamans, injectionists, pharmacists, private physicians, public and private clinics, and hospitals. These resources include and combine aspects from Mayan Indian, folk Ladino, spiritism and cosmopolitan medical traditions. The pluralistic dimensions of health care are analyzed in terms of the heterogeneous medical behavior of both the health seeker and the practitioners or specialists, emphasizing how components from the various traditions are incorporated or utilized. Case studies are used to illustrate some of the health care strategies used by the population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 267-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90052-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18224536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The therapist-spiritist training project in Puerto Rico: An experiment to relate the traditional healing system to the public health system","authors":"Joan D. Koss","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90051-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90051-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper describes a project that attempts to integrate two healing systems by providing their practitioners with a means of continuous contact. Spiritist healers, mental health workers and medical and other health professionals meet on neutral academic ground provided by the program. So far, organized groups of practitioners from both systems have met over three 10-month periods to interchange ideas and discuss cases. From the inception we planned to use unscheduled outcomes as they emerged through the interactions of participants. Participants express anxiety about the lack of direction in this procedure but it has been effective. One project goal appears valid on preliminary consideration, in that therapists and Spiritists have begun to refer patients to each other; in some cases they have even consulted each other about their own personal problems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 255-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90051-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18224535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical pluralism in world perspective [1]","authors":"Charles Leslie","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90044-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90044-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Starting from the observation of local medical systems, anthropologists cultivate an evenhanded view of medical pluralism, in contrast to the normative view that characterizes health professionals. From this perspective, the division of labor between different kinds of practice appears as a continuously negotiated compromise structure and cosmopolitan medical practices are seen to adapt to local cultures. Also, when the Chinese system is described as a comprehensive normative system, one suspects that its pluralistic structure has been neglected and that planners who want to encourage the utilization of traditional medicine in developing countries should learn more about the on-going nature of medical pluralism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 191-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90044-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18223453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical pluralism and homoeopathy: A geographic perspective","authors":"S.M. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90046-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90046-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines homoeopathy in India within the broader framework of growing scholarly interest in medical pluralism in the developing countries.</p><p>It is argued that the entry of Western medicine in India, which included homoeopathy in the nineteenth century, has significantly contributed to medical pluralism. The spatial dimension of homoeopathy in India in relation to other medicine systems has been examined. Thus, some observations have been made about the spread of homoeopathy, the role of the Bengalis in it, and the manner in which homoeopathy has become part of the process of medical pluralism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 209-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90046-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18223455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The layperson's perception of medicine as perspective into the utilization of multiple therapy systems in the Indian context","authors":"Mark Nichter","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90048-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90048-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper discusses the layman's perception of medicine in South Kanara in relation to habitude, power, diet and physical characteristics. It describes how perceptions of medicine influence behavior and the use of multiple therapy sources. The data suggest issues for future studies on patterns of resort in multiple therapy systems. Finally, the paper discusses the public health implications of the data it presents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 225-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90048-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18223456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical anthropology and development: A theoretical perspective","authors":"Ronald Frankenberg","doi":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90045-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-7987(80)90045-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is argued that social and cultural anthropologists concerned with health systems need to insert their analyses into the wider perspective of three processes—development, the making social of disease, and their view of anthropology itself. Development can usefully be seen as the complex, often contradictory, process whereby capitalism as a mode of production comes to dominate over precapitalist forms. At the same time these very forms remain an influence over health behavior even in the most developed societies. Such an approach to development also involves attention to commoditisation and the existence of not immediately apparent class interests in, for example, both Western and traditional medical rhetoric, high technology medicine and pharmaceuticals. The making social of disease is facilitated by conceptualizing ailments in three phases, crudely biological disease, psychological illness and social sickness. The current disease/illness dichotomy is criticized as lending itself to a characteristically ideological, individualistic or at best dyadic approach to sources of ill health. The nature of ritualization or ceremonialization in capitalist and precapitalist society is explored with the help of brief reference to the author's own field work in Lusaka and to studies of Amhara in Ethiopia, a village in Tamil Nadu, South India and of doctor-patient interaction in Swansea. Following and developing Young's ideas, sickness episodes are characterized as dramatic “games” which create, recreate and confirm social ideologies in all their contradictoriness. A critique of the Tamil Nadu study reveals the potential for social change implicit in plural South India. Material from Swansea is used to suggest the differences between the concentrated drama in space and time characteristic of precapitalist ritual and the diffuse nature of both ceremonial and ideology in a developed capitalist society while once again pointing to the potential for social change revealed within apparently conservative functionalist analysis.</p><p>Finally, social anthropological analysis is presented as the analysis of custom in local social process and it is argued that this process in turn needs to be seen in a wider context which will help anthropologists to bring together the concerns of political economy, sociology and anthropology and to facilitate social change rather than, or as well as, individual adaptation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79261,"journal":{"name":"Social science & medicine. Part B, Medical anthropology","volume":"14 4","pages":"Pages 197-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90045-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18223454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}