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Higgs Mode in Superconductors 超导体中的希格斯模
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-06-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050813
R. Shimano, N. Tsuji
{"title":"Higgs Mode in Superconductors","authors":"R. Shimano, N. Tsuji","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050813","url":null,"abstract":"When the continuous symmetry of a physical system is spontaneously broken, two types of collective modes typically emerge: the amplitude and the phase modes of the order-parameter fluctuation. For superconductors, the amplitude mode is referred to most recently as the Higgs mode as it is a condensed-matter analog of a Higgs boson in particle physics. Higgs mode is a scalar excitation of the order parameter, distinct from charge or spin fluctuations, and thus does not couple to electromagnetic fields linearly. This is why the Higgs mode in superconductors has evaded experimental observations for over a half century after the initial theoretical prediction, except for a charge-density-wave coexisting system. With the advance of nonlinear and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy techniques, however, it has become possible to study the Higgs mode through the nonlinear light–Higgs coupling. In this review, we overview recent progress in the study of the Higgs mode in superconductors.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48853153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 130
Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play 超导量子比特:当前状态
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-05-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605
M. Kjaergaard, M. Schwartz, Jochen Braumuller, P. Krantz, J. Wang, S. Gustavsson, W. Oliver
{"title":"Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play","authors":"M. Kjaergaard, M. Schwartz, Jochen Braumuller, P. Krantz, J. Wang, S. Gustavsson, W. Oliver","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of realizing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) technology era, in which non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. With the recent demonstrations of multiple high-fidelity, two-qubit gates as well as operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems, this modality also holds promise for the longer-term goal of building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. In this brief review, we discuss several of the recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. Although continued work on many aspects of this technology is certainly necessary, the pace of both conceptual and technical progress in recent years has been impressive, and here we hope to convey the excitement stemming from this progress.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46217211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 854
Discrete Time Crystals 离散时间晶体
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-05-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050658
D. Else, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, N. Yao
{"title":"Discrete Time Crystals","authors":"D. Else, C. Monroe, C. Nayak, N. Yao","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050658","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental advances have allowed for the exploration of nearly isolated quantum many-body systems whose coupling to an external bath is very weak. A particularly interesting class of such systems is those that do not thermalize under their own isolated quantum dynamics. In this review, we highlight the possibility for such systems to exhibit new nonequilibrium phases of matter. In particular, we focus on discrete time crystals, which are many-body phases of matter characterized by a spontaneously broken discrete time-translation symmetry. We give a definition of discrete time crystals from several points of view, emphasizing that they are a nonequilibrium phenomenon that is stabilized by many-body interactions, with no analog in noninteracting systems. We explain the theory behind several proposed models of discrete time crystals, and compare several recent realizations, in different experimental contexts.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41959366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 180
Physical Models of Collective Cell Migration 集体细胞迁移的物理模型
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-05-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013516
Ricard Alert, X. Trepat
{"title":"Physical Models of Collective Cell Migration","authors":"Ricard Alert, X. Trepat","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013516","url":null,"abstract":"Collective cell migration is a key driver of embryonic development, wound healing, and some types of cancer invasion. Here, we provide a physical perspective of the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration. We begin with a catalog of the cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions that govern cell migration, which we classify into positional and orientational interactions. We then review the physical models that have been developed to explain how these interactions give rise to collective cellular movement. These models span the subcellular to the supracellular scales, and they include lattice models, phase-field models, active network models, particle models, and continuum models. For each type of model, we discuss its formulation, its limitations, and the main emergent phenomena that it has successfully explained. These phenomena include flocking and fluid–solid transitions, as well as wetting, fingering, and mechanical waves in spreading epithelial monolayers. We close by outlining remaining challenges and future directions in the physics of collective cell migration.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47190982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 186
Machine-Learning Quantum States in the NISQ Era NISQ时代的机器学习量子态
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-05-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050651
G. Torlai, R. Melko
{"title":"Machine-Learning Quantum States in the NISQ Era","authors":"G. Torlai, R. Melko","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050651","url":null,"abstract":"We review the development of generative modeling techniques in machine learning for the purpose of reconstructing real, noisy, many-qubit quantum states. Motivated by its interpretability and utility, we discuss in detail the theory of the restricted Boltzmann machine. We demonstrate its practical use for state reconstruction, starting from a classical thermal distribution of Ising spins, then moving systematically through increasingly complex pure and mixed quantum states. We review recent techniques in reconstruction of a cold atom wavefunction, intended for use on experimental noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Finally, we discuss the outlook for future experimental state reconstruction using machine learning in the NISQ era and beyond.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43492408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 71
Topology and Broken Symmetry in Floquet Systems Floquet系统的拓扑与破对称性
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013721
Fenner Harper, R. Roy, M. Rudner, S. Sondhi
{"title":"Topology and Broken Symmetry in Floquet Systems","authors":"Fenner Harper, R. Roy, M. Rudner, S. Sondhi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013721","url":null,"abstract":"Floquet systems are governed by periodic, time-dependent Hamiltonians. Prima facie they should absorb energy from the external drives involved in modulating their couplings and heat up to infinite temperature. However, this unhappy state of affairs can be avoided in many ways. Instead, as has become clear from much recent work, Floquet systems can exhibit a variety of nontrivial behavior—some of which is impossible in undriven systems. In this review, we describe the main ideas and themes of this work: novel Floquet drives that exhibit nontrivial topology in single-particle systems, the existence and classification of exotic Floquet drives in interacting systems, and the attendant notion of many-body Floquet phases and arguments for their stability to heating.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44215487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 140
The Physics of Pair-Density Waves: Cuprate Superconductors and Beyond 对密度波的物理：Cuprate超导体及其超越
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050711
D. Agterberg, J. C. Davis, S. Edkins, E. Fradkin, D. Harlingen, S. Kivelson, P. Lee, L. Radzihovsky, J. Tranquada, Yuxuan Wang
{"title":"The Physics of Pair-Density Waves: Cuprate Superconductors and Beyond","authors":"D. Agterberg, J. C. Davis, S. Edkins, E. Fradkin, D. Harlingen, S. Kivelson, P. Lee, L. Radzihovsky, J. Tranquada, Yuxuan Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050711","url":null,"abstract":"We review the physics of pair-density wave (PDW) superconductors. We begin with a macroscopic description that emphasizes order induced by PDW states, such as charge-density wave, and discuss related vestigial states that emerge as a consequence of partial melting of the PDW order. We review and critically discuss the mounting experimental evidence for such PDW order in the cuprate superconductors, the status of the theoretical microscopic description of such order, and the current debate on whether the PDW is a mother order or another competing order in the cuprates. In addition, we give an overview of the weak coupling version of PDW order, Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov states, in the context of cold atom systems, unconventional superconductors, and noncentrosymmetric and Weyl materials.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44987201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 225
Nonequilibrium Aspects of Integrable Models 可积模型的非平衡方面
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-04-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050630
C. Rylands, N. Andrei
{"title":"Nonequilibrium Aspects of Integrable Models","authors":"C. Rylands, N. Andrei","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050630","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by breakthroughs in experimental and theoretical techniques, the study of nonequilibrium quantum physics is a rapidly expanding field with many exciting new developments. Among the manifold ways the topic can be investigated, one-dimensional systems provide a particularly fine platform. The trifecta of strongly correlated physics, powerful theoretical techniques, and experimental viability have resulted in a flurry of research activity over the past decade or so. In this review, we explore the nonequilibrium aspects of one-dimensional systems that are integrable. Through a number of illustrative examples, we discuss nonequilibrium phenomena that arise in such models, the role played by integrability, and the consequences these have for more generic systems.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47577958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Counting Rules of Nambu–Goldstone Modes Nambu-Goldstone模式的计数规则
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050644
Haruki Watanabe
{"title":"Counting Rules of Nambu–Goldstone Modes","authors":"Haruki Watanabe","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050644","url":null,"abstract":"When global continuous symmetries are spontaneously broken, there appear gapless collective excitations called Nambu–Goldstone modes (NGMs) that govern the low-energy property of the system. The application of this famous theorem ranges from high-energy particle physics to condensed matter and atomic physics. When a symmetry breaking occurs in systems that lack the Lorentz invariance to start with, as is usually the case in condensed matter systems, the number of resulting NGMs can be lower than that of broken symmetry generators, and the dispersion of NGMs is not necessarily linear. In this article, we review recently established formulae for NGMs associated with broken internal symmetries that work equally for relativistic and nonrelativistic systems. We also discuss complexities of NGMs originating from space-time symmetry breaking. Along the way we cover many illuminating examples from various context. We also present a complementary point of view from the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46879965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 49
Quantum Turbulence in Quantum Gases 量子气体中的量子湍流
IF 22.6 1区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics Pub Date : 2019-03-28 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050821
L. Madeira, M. Caracanhas, F. E. A. Santos, V. Bagnato
{"title":"Quantum Turbulence in Quantum Gases","authors":"L. Madeira, M. Caracanhas, F. E. A. Santos, V. Bagnato","doi":"10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050821","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulence is characterized by a large number of degrees of freedom, distributed over several length scales, that result in a disordered state of a fluid. The field of quantum turbulence deals with the manifestation of turbulence in quantum fluids, such as liquid helium and ultracold gases. We review, from both experimental and theoretical points of view, advances in quantum turbulence focusing on atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. We also explore the similarities and differences between quantum and classical turbulence. Last, we present challenges and possible directions for the field. We summarize questions that are being asked in recent works, which need to be answered in order to understand fundamental properties of quantum turbulence, and we provide some possible ways of investigating them.","PeriodicalId":7925,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":22.6,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41940970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
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