Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3030012

Eileen Luders, Christian Gaser, Debra Spencer, Ajay Thankamony, Ieuan Hughes, U. Srirangalingam, Helena Gleeson, Melissa Hines, F. Kurth

{"title":"Effects of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) and Biological Sex on Brain Size","authors":"Eileen Luders, Christian Gaser, Debra Spencer, Ajay Thankamony, Ieuan Hughes, U. Srirangalingam, Helena Gleeson, Melissa Hines, F. Kurth","doi":"10.3390/anatomia3030012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia3030012","url":null,"abstract":"Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) has been reported to involve structural alterations in some brain regions. However, it remains to be established whether there is also an impact on the size of the brain as a whole. Here, we compiled the largest CAH sample to date (n = 53), matched pair-wise to a control group (n = 53) on sex, age, and verbal intelligence. Using T1-weighted brain scans, we calculated intracranial volume (ICV) as well as total brain volume (TBV), which are both common estimates for brain size. The statistical analysis was performed using a general linear model assessing the effects of CAH (CAH vs. controls), sex (women vs. men), and any CAH-by-sex interaction. The outcomes were comparable for ICV and TBV, i.e., there was no significant main effect of CAH and no significant CAH-by-sex interaction. However, there was a significant main effect of sex, with larger ICVs and TBVs in men than in women. Our findings contribute to an understudied field of research exploring brain anatomy in CAH. In contrast to some existing studies suggesting a smaller brain size in CAH, we did not observe such an effect. In other words, ICV and TBV in women and men with CAH did not differ significantly from those in controls. Notwithstanding, we observed the well-known sex difference in brain size (12.69% for ICV and 12.50% for TBV), with larger volumes in men than in women, which is in agreement with the existing literature.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Veins—Topography, Embryology, Anatomical Variability, and Undergraduate Educational Challenges 下肢静脉的临床解剖-地形、胚胎学、解剖变异性和本科生教育挑战

Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3030011

Marian Simka, Joanna Czaja, Agata Kawalec

{"title":"Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Veins—Topography, Embryology, Anatomical Variability, and Undergraduate Educational Challenges","authors":"Marian Simka, Joanna Czaja, Agata Kawalec","doi":"10.3390/anatomia3030011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia3030011","url":null,"abstract":"Veins of the lower extremity can be categorized into three hierarchically ordered groups: the epifascial, the interfascial, and the deep ones. In the past, the interfascial veins, e.g., the great saphenous vein, were categorized as superficial veins. But nowadays, experts recommend regarding these veins as a separate group because of their unique topography and clinical relevance. In order to better understand the venous anatomy of the lower limbs, which is highly variable, one should also comprehend their embryological development. Venous embryogenesis in the lower limb consists of three stages. During the first stage the primitive fibular vein is the main vein of the extremity. During the second stage it is replaced by the axial vein and finally by the femoral vein. In some adult individuals this embryonic or fetal venous anatomy is still present. Unfortunately, current anatomical textbooks and atlases, as well as traditional cadaver dissections, are not very useful regarding these issues. Therefore, undergraduate teaching of anatomy can be challenging. New educational tools, such as ultrasonography, seem indispensable to teach the anatomy of these veins properly.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":" 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141676949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Complexity of the Pancreatic Lymphatic System and the Key Role of Para-Aortic Lymph Node Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer Prognosis Prediction: A Comprehensive Review 胰腺淋巴系统的复杂性和主动脉旁淋巴结转移在胰腺癌预后预测中的关键作用：全面综述

Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3020010

F. F. E. Silva, A. Ballini, M. Di Domenico, M. Padín-Iruegas

引用次数: 0

Advances in Anatomy and Its History 解剖学进展及其历史

Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3010005

Gianfranco Natale, Francesco Fornai

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Patient-Specific Positions on the Relationship between Iliac Blood Vessels and Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Anatomical Significance and Clinical Implications 患者特定体位对髂血管与腰椎间盘关系的影响：解剖学意义和临床影响

Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3010003

H. Bečulić, Emir Begagić, Amina Džidić-Krivić, Ragib Pugonja, Belma Jaganjac, Melica Imamović-Bošnjak, E. Selimović, Amila Čeliković, Rasim Skomorac, A. Efendic, Fahrudin Alić, Anes Masovic, Selma Terzić-Salihbašić, Lejla Tandir-Lihić, Mirza Pojskić

{"title":"The Impact of Patient-Specific Positions on the Relationship between Iliac Blood Vessels and Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Anatomical Significance and Clinical Implications","authors":"H. Bečulić, Emir Begagić, Amina Džidić-Krivić, Ragib Pugonja, Belma Jaganjac, Melica Imamović-Bošnjak, E. Selimović, Amila Čeliković, Rasim Skomorac, A. Efendic, Fahrudin Alić, Anes Masovic, Selma Terzić-Salihbašić, Lejla Tandir-Lihić, Mirza Pojskić","doi":"10.3390/anatomia3010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia3010003","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the anatomical relationship between iliac blood vessels and the lower lumbar spine during supine and prone patient positions. The average height of participants was 174.02 cm ± 9.01, while the average weight was 80.38 kg ± 13.48. Body mass index (BMI) analyses showed differences (p = 0.002), with 34.7% classified as normal weight, 53.1% as overweight, and 12.2% as moderately obese. The study examined the distances between iliac arteries and veins in relation to intervertebral anterior and posterior disc contours. Patient positioning significantly affected these measurements at both L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels. The findings highlight the critical influence of body position on anatomical relationships in the context of lower lumbar spine surgery. The study underscores the importance of preoperative awareness of vascular anatomy to prevent iatrogenic lesions during spine surgery, contributing valuable insights for optimizing surgical approaches and minimizing complications in spine surgery, particularly microdiscectomy.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":"485 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139835723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Patient-Specific Positions on the Relationship between Iliac Blood Vessels and Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Anatomical Significance and Clinical Implications 患者特定体位对髂血管与腰椎间盘关系的影响：解剖学意义和临床影响

Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3010003

H. Bečulić, Emir Begagić, Amina Džidić-Krivić, Ragib Pugonja, Belma Jaganjac, Melica Imamović-Bošnjak, E. Selimović, Amila Čeliković, Rasim Skomorac, A. Efendic, Fahrudin Alić, Anes Masovic, Selma Terzić-Salihbašić, Lejla Tandir-Lihić, Mirza Pojskić

{"title":"The Impact of Patient-Specific Positions on the Relationship between Iliac Blood Vessels and Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Anatomical Significance and Clinical Implications","authors":"H. Bečulić, Emir Begagić, Amina Džidić-Krivić, Ragib Pugonja, Belma Jaganjac, Melica Imamović-Bošnjak, E. Selimović, Amila Čeliković, Rasim Skomorac, A. Efendic, Fahrudin Alić, Anes Masovic, Selma Terzić-Salihbašić, Lejla Tandir-Lihić, Mirza Pojskić","doi":"10.3390/anatomia3010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia3010003","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the anatomical relationship between iliac blood vessels and the lower lumbar spine during supine and prone patient positions. The average height of participants was 174.02 cm ± 9.01, while the average weight was 80.38 kg ± 13.48. Body mass index (BMI) analyses showed differences (p = 0.002), with 34.7% classified as normal weight, 53.1% as overweight, and 12.2% as moderately obese. The study examined the distances between iliac arteries and veins in relation to intervertebral anterior and posterior disc contours. Patient positioning significantly affected these measurements at both L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels. The findings highlight the critical influence of body position on anatomical relationships in the context of lower lumbar spine surgery. The study underscores the importance of preoperative awareness of vascular anatomy to prevent iatrogenic lesions during spine surgery, contributing valuable insights for optimizing surgical approaches and minimizing complications in spine surgery, particularly microdiscectomy.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":"32 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139775961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conjoined Lumbosacral (L7-S1) Nerve Roots in a Dog 一只狗的腰骶部（L7-S1）神经根连体

Anatomia Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia3010001

Esther Lichtenauer, K. Santifort, Dorien Willems, Vicente Aige-Gil, Niklas Bergknut

{"title":"Conjoined Lumbosacral (L7-S1) Nerve Roots in a Dog","authors":"Esther Lichtenauer, K. Santifort, Dorien Willems, Vicente Aige-Gil, Niklas Bergknut","doi":"10.3390/anatomia3010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia3010001","url":null,"abstract":"Vertebral and spinal cord anomalies are well known in veterinary medicine. However, nerve root anomalies are seldomly reported. In human patients, nerve root anomalies can cause back pain and radicular pain. In human medicine, nerve root anomalies are more often found in cadaveric studies than in imaging studies, representing the lack of advanced imaging in the past and the unawareness about these pathologies. Additionally, nerve root anomalies can mimic other pathologies in imaging studies. It is important to know about the anatomy of the individual patient not only for correctly localizing the pathology but also for surgical planning and to prevent iatrogenic trauma to the patient. Conjoined nerve roots are a type of nerve root anomaly described in human medicine and are defined as two nerve roots that either share a common dural envelope at some point during their course from the dural sac or that have their origin very close together in the dural sac. In humans, lumbosacral nerve roots are most commonly conjoined, and signs of pain may be associated with this anomaly. We report the magnetic resonance imaging finding of right-sided conjoined L7 and S1 nerve roots in a dog that presented with lumbosacral hyperesthesia. We postulate that it is possible that the conjoined nerve roots played a role in the clinical signs of this dog. This is an anomaly that has not been reported before in veterinary medicine.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":"2 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Juan Valverde de Amusco: Pioneering the Transfer of Post-Vesalian Anatomy 胡安-巴尔韦德-德阿穆斯科膀胱后解剖转移的先驱

Anatomia Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia2040033

L. Arráez-Aybar, Concepción Reblet, J. Bueno-López

{"title":"Juan Valverde de Amusco: Pioneering the Transfer of Post-Vesalian Anatomy","authors":"L. Arráez-Aybar, Concepción Reblet, J. Bueno-López","doi":"10.3390/anatomia2040033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040033","url":null,"abstract":"This article delves into the life and accomplishments of Juan Valverde de Amusco (c. 1525–c. 1587), a Spanish anatomist. Specifically, it focuses on his book titled HISTORIA de la composición del cuerpo humano. The book was the first anatomy opus published after Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, written in a Romance language, the Castilian Spanish language, making it the most renowned post-Vesalian anatomy book in Europe and beyond during the 16th and 17th centuries. Compiling complete editions and reproductions of figures, it had 19 editions and several translations. One of its principal contributions was the initial graphical representation of the stapes ossicle. It provided the first accurate description of the pulmonary circulation, vomer bone, and four extraocular rectus muscles. Throughout the book, Valverde corrected numerous of Vesalius’ anatomical observations. HISTORIA de la composición del cuerpo humano was the first anatomy book to use chalcographic illustrations, which are of superior anatomical quality than those printed from engraved wood in Andreas Vesalius’ book. Next, many anatomy textbooks of that time incorporated Valverde’s book illustrations. Valverde’s book was practical, timely, and well referenced, making it a valuable resource for scholars and non-scholars. The conclusion is that Juan Valverde de Amusco merits a place as a pioneer in scientific knowledge transfer.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":"48 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Blueprint of the Long Primary Afferent Axons and the Dichotomous Axon Trajectory of Clarke’s Nucleus. A Morphological Tracing Study on the Effect of Hypoxia during Development 关于克拉克核长初级传入轴突的蓝图和二分轴突轨迹。缺氧对发育过程影响的形态学追踪研究

Anatomia Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia2040032

Frits C. de Beer, Harry W. Steinbusch

{"title":"On the Blueprint of the Long Primary Afferent Axons and the Dichotomous Axon Trajectory of Clarke’s Nucleus. A Morphological Tracing Study on the Effect of Hypoxia during Development","authors":"Frits C. de Beer, Harry W. Steinbusch","doi":"10.3390/anatomia2040032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040032","url":null,"abstract":"The primary afferent system in the rat’s spinal cord starts to develop in the third last week of gestation. First, the pseudounipolar DRG neurons extend their centripetal long primary axons, targeting rostral supra-segmental nuclei in the spinal cord. Meanwhile, the subsequent innervation of the juxta- and intra-segmental spinal levels enables the three subdivisions to commence integrating a complex network with the body periphery. This process may continue to refine and adapt the system life-long. The experimental data elucidated the steps involved in developing the cytoarchitecture by separating the axons of the long and intermediate subdivisions from the short subdivision. Here, we present a blueprint of the features of the long primary afferent axons developing in sequential waves. The pioneering long afferent axons targeted the dorsal gracile nuclei at spring tide and Clarke’s nuclei at neap tide in ventrally bent trajectories. The paradigm’s myelotomy blocked these pioneering fibers from stepping down the developmental cascade, rendering an unknown phenotype. This reflected a hypothetical transition hub stationed on the assembly line, delineating a critical period. The paradigm also affected the neuropil’s ripening independently from the long primary afferent system. The data disclosed that fetal hyposaturation yielded an in vivo genomic engineering capability. Fetal tissue was susceptible to hyposaturation, showing remarkable versatility early in fetal life. The translational impact may favor research into the elusive etiology of clinical syndromes concerning the afferent system relating to fetal hyposaturation.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pheromone Sensing in Mammals: A Review of the Vomeronasal System 哺乳动物信息素感知:犁鼻系统的研究进展

Anatomia Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3390/anatomia2040031

Mateo V. Torres, Irene Ortiz-Leal, Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro

{"title":"Pheromone Sensing in Mammals: A Review of the Vomeronasal System","authors":"Mateo V. Torres, Irene Ortiz-Leal, Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro","doi":"10.3390/anatomia2040031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040031","url":null,"abstract":"This review addresses the role of chemical communication in mammals, giving special attention to the vomeronasal system in pheromone-mediated interactions. The vomeronasal system influences many social and sexual behaviors, from reproduction to species recognition. Interestingly, this system shows greater evolutionary variability compared to the olfactory system, emphasizing its complex nature and the need for thorough research. The discussion starts with foundational concepts of chemocommunication, progressing to a detailed exploration of olfactory systems. The neuroanatomy of the vomeronasal system stands in contrast with that of the olfactory system. Further, the sensory part of the vomeronasal system, known as the vomeronasal organ, and the integration center of this information, called the accessory olfactory bulb, receive comprehensive coverage. Secondary projections of both the olfactory and vomeronasal systems receive attention, especially in relation to the dual olfactory hypothesis. The review concludes by examining the organization of the vomeronasal system in four distinct mammalian groups: rodents, marsupials, herpestids, and bovids. The aim is to highlight the unique morphofunctional differences resulting from the adaptive changes each group experienced.","PeriodicalId":7888,"journal":{"name":"Anatomia","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135291289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

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