Animal Reproduction Science最新文献

{"title":"Developmental programming of reproduction in sheep and goat: Association of fraternity size and sex ratio with reproductive performance of ewes and does at the first pregnancy","authors":"Emadeddin Mobedi ,&nbsp;Mehdi Vojgani ,&nbsp;Faramarz Gharagozlou ,&nbsp;Tooba Aghaei ,&nbsp;Reza Darabian Aghdas ,&nbsp;Reza Hemmati Baghbanani ,&nbsp;Amirsina Akbarinejad ,&nbsp;Vahid Akbarinejad","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various prenatal factors including the number of littermates (fraternity size) and exposure to male littermate (fraternity sex ratio) during fetal period have been reported to influence postnatal fertility in the mammals. The present research was conducted to study the association of fraternity size and sex ratio with reproductive performance of nulliparous ewes and does. To this end, data associated with number of littermates, exposure to male littermate, birth weight, age at first pregnancy, as well as litter size, sex ratio of offspring, litter weight, and birth weight of female and male offspring after the first parturition retrieved from the database of sheep (n = 536 Romane and 289 Blanche du Massif Central ewes) and goat (n = 174 Alpine and 267 Saanen does) flocks. Fraternity size was negatively associated with birth weight of ewes and does (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Exposure to male littermate during fetal period was associated with younger age at first pregnancy and larger litter size in the does (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), but not in the ewes (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Exposure to male littermate during fetal period was positively associated with the odds of male-biased litters in the ewes and does (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Fraternity size was positively associated with litter weight in the does (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), but not in the ewes (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the present study showed that the number and sex of littermates during fetal period could impact postnatal reproduction of ewes and does. In this context, some associations, particularly those related to exposure to male littermate during fetal period, were only observed in does, which implicates that the effect of androgens on developmental programming of reproduction may be species-specific.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 107622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142543220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyometra alters uterine aquaporins related with lipopolysaccharide concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities in bitches","authors":"Murat Onur Yazlık ,&nbsp;Hüseyin Özkan ,&nbsp;Sevil Atalay Vural ,&nbsp;Ufuk Kaya ,&nbsp;İnci Başak Müştak ,&nbsp;İpek Mutluer Altınbaş ,&nbsp;Arda Selin Tunç ,&nbsp;Özgür Özöner ,&nbsp;Yunus Furkan Altınbaş ,&nbsp;Kamil Alpler ,&nbsp;Mehmet Rıfat Vural","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyometra is a common life-threatening inflammatory disease with a complex etiopathogenesis that develops during the diestrus stage and can be observed in elderly intact bitches. The present study evaluated five aquaporin (<em>AQP1</em>, <em>AQP2</em>, <em>AQP3</em>, <em>AQP5</em>, and <em>AQP9</em>) transcript abundances and immunolocalization in the uterine tissue, and investigated their relationship with uterine tissue and blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, and nitric oxide (NO) production in dogs suffering from pyometra. The study sampled 36 client-owned intact bitches from different breeds, of which 24 cases were diagnosed with pyometra. Twelve of these bitches in the diestrus stage that presented for elective ovariohysterectomy were used as the control group. Blood samples were collected into tubes without anticoagulant for serum progesterone, LPS concentration, and antioxidant activities at the time of diagnosis. Bacteriological and tissue samples from the uteri were collected after the ovariohysterectomy. The tissue samples were used to determine antioxidant activity, and hormone and toxin concentrations. Transcript abundance of uterine AQPs were determined by qPCR, and their presence and localization were determined by by immunohistochemistry. For all pyometra samples, the bacteria isolated from the uterine swabs were <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Compared to the control group, <em>AQP1</em>, <em>AQP2</em>, and <em>AQP5</em> were downregulated more than 2-fold, whereas <em>AQP9</em> was upregulated nearly 3-fold and <em>AQP3</em> was upregulated more than 4-fold in the pyometra affected uteri (P&lt;0.05). Uterine <em>AQP1</em> was moderately negatively correlated with serum LPS concentration (r=-0.568, P&lt;0.01) and tissue NO production (r=-0.407, P&lt;0.05). <em>AQP5</em> was positively correlated with serum SOD activity (r=0.485, P&lt;0.05) and negatively correlated with serum LPS concentration (r=-0.512, P&lt;0.05). <em>AQP9</em> was negatively correlated with tissue SOD and serum GPx activity. This is the first study to identify <em>AQP9</em> transcript abundance and immunolocalization in canine uterine tissue. Uterine <em>AQP1</em>, <em>AQP2</em>, <em>AQP3</em>, <em>AQP5</em>, and <em>AQP9</em> transcript abundances were altered in spontaneously developed canine pyometra while <em>AQP</em> transcript abundance was negatively related to serum toxin concentration, NO production, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Further studies should be conducted to determine the role of altered abundances of <em>AQPs</em> transcripts in pyometra pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 107621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142538961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bovine testicular heat stress: From climate change to effects on microRNA profile","authors":"Eneiva Carla Carvalho Celeghini,&nbsp;Fernanda Baatsch-Nascimento,&nbsp;Alexandre da Rocha Bozzi,&nbsp;Laura Nataly Garcia-Oliveros,&nbsp;Rubens Paes Arruda","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat stress is caused by exposure of animals to high temperatures and humidity, outside their thermal comfort zone. This can have negative outcomes, including adversely affecting general well-being and reducing productive and reproductive performance. In males, heat stress can disrupt testicular thermoregulation, with deleterious effects on spermatogenesis and consequently, decreases in sperm quality and fertility potential. Thus, high environmental temperature is considered one of the most important factors that predisposes bulls to subfertility and has already been the subject of many studies, particularly in tropical or subtropical countries. It is essential to study effects of testicular heat stress in bulls, know the chronology of clinical and sperm findings, and understand the underlying pathophysiology. In addition, elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress and testicular function could provide the basis for effective, evidence-based strategies for selecting more thermotolerant animals. Excessive heat affects expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) in sperm, which have important roles in regulating male fertility. Based on current trends in climate change, the incidence of chronically high temperatures that cause heat stress is expected to increase, posing increasing risks to health and survival of many species. The study of mRNAs and miRNAs can provide valuable insights to select animals that are more resilient to climate change. In addition to the search for more thermotolerant animals, other strategies to mitigate effects of heat stress include reproductive biotechniques and promotion of a better environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in Andrological Flow cytometry: the next step?","authors":"Fernando J. Peña,&nbsp;Francisco Eduardo Martín-Cano,&nbsp;Laura Becerro-Rey,&nbsp;Eva da Silva-Álvarez,&nbsp;Gemma Gaitskell-Phillips,&nbsp;Cristina Ortega-Ferrusola,&nbsp;María Cruz Gil.","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since its introduction in animal andrology, flow cytometry (FC) has dramatically evolved. Nowadays, many compartments and functions of the spermatozoa can be analyzed in thousands of spermatozoa, including, but not limited to DNA, acrosome, membrane integrity, membrane symmetry, permeability, and polarity; mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential, identification of reactive oxygen species, ion dynamics, and cellular signaling among many others. Improved machines, many more probes, and new software are greatly expanding the amount of information that can be obtained from each flow cytometry analysis. Modern flow cytometers permit the simultaneous investigation of many different sperm compartments and functions and their interactions, allowing the identification of sperm phenotypes, helping to disclose different sperm populations within the ejaculate. Complex flow cytometry panels require a careful design of the experiment, including selecting probes (fully understanding the characteristics and properties of them) and adequate controls (technical and biological). Ideally, compensation and management of data (“cleaning”, transformations, the establishment of gates) are better performed post-acquisition using specific software. Data can be expressed as a percentage of positive cells (typically viability assays), intensity of fluorescence (arbitrary fluorescence units, i.e. changes in intracellular Ca²⁺) or dim and bright populations (typically assays of membrane permeability or antigen expression).</div><div>Furthermore, artificial intelligence/self-learning algorithms are improving visualization and management of data generated by modern flow cytometers. In this paper, recent developments in flow cytometry for animal andrology will be briefly reviewed; moreover, a small flow cytometry experiment will be used to illustrate how these techniques can improve data analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seminal oxidative stress index can be used as a marker in the prediction of bull semen cryotolerance","authors":"İlker Ünal ,&nbsp;Hamdi Uysal","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effect of seminal plasma activity levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), non-enzymatic antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (Vit-E), and also total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) on post-thaw sperm quality. As well as it was aimed to investigate the possibility of the use of OSI as a marker for the estimation of bull semen freezability. For this study, 72 ejaculates were collected from 6 bulls and separated into two aliquots. The first one was centrifuged to separate seminal plasma. The latter one was cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen until analysis. Post-thaw semen quality was examined in two groups (good-freezable semen (GFS) and poor-freezable semen (PFS)) through cluster analyses based on post-thaw total motility and plasma membrane and acrosome integrity. As a result of the analyses, seminal TAS, CAT, and Vit-E values were higher (P&lt;0.05) in the GFS group, while TOS and OSI values were higher (P&lt;0.01) in the PFS group. We also performed an ROC curve analysis to determine whether the seminal OSI value could be used to predict semen freezeability. The area under curve (AUC) value was found as 0,70 (P=0.006). In conclusion, it has been revealed that the seminal plasma antioxidant content is responsible for the freezability of semen, and the OSI value, which can be determined by performing TAS and TOS analyses instead of looking for separate antioxidant enzymes, can be used as a marker for the estimation of post-thaw semen quality at artificial insemination centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142379026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical analysis and fertilization success of Cirrhinus mrigala ova during induced spawning","authors":"Shahid Sherzada ,&nbsp;Tanveer Ahmad ,&nbsp;Saeed Akram Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Inayat ,&nbsp;Sohail Ahmad ,&nbsp;Abdur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish egg quality is very crucial in aquaculture sector for production of healthy seed. Egg yolk is an energy reservoir for growth and development of embryo. This study evaluated the biochemical composition and quality of <em>Cirrhinus mrigala</em> eggs at three different hatchery sites of Pakistan, (Site 1= Fish Seed Hatchery, District Pakpattan; Site 2= Sidhuwan Hatchery, Head Balloki, District Kasur; Site 3= Chenab Fish Hatchery, Rangpur, District Muzaffargarh) during induced breeding. For this, a total of 36 (18 males and 18 females) fish brooders, 12 (06 males and 06 females) from each site were utilized. Fatty acids analysis revealed significant differences among three different sites. Saturated fatty acids i.e., palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0) were higher at site 2 compared to the others sites. Monounsaturated fatty acids i.e., Oleic acid (C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids i.e., Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6) exhibited considerably greater values at site 2 than those of other two sites. Egg mineral contents unveiled remarkable differences, particularly at site 2 indicating significantly higher mineral contents except copper (Cu) in comparison to the other sites. Significant variation exists in fertilization and hatching rates during induced spawning, with the highest values recorded at site 2. It is concluded that biochemical composition of egg especially fatty acid profile and mineral content greatly influences the embryonic development and hatching success of farm reared <em>Cirrhinus mrigala</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin treatment on the fifth day after artificial insemination and ovarian ultrasonographic findings and blood nutritional metabolic factors in dairy cows","authors":"Naoya Kawahara ,&nbsp;Natsumi Endo ,&nbsp;Tomomi Tanaka","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the present study was to determine the ovarian ultrasonographic findings and metabolic factors that influence the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment on the fifth day after artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows. Thirty-seven lactating Holstein cows were assigned to two groups: the hCG group (n = 25), which received 3000 IU of hCG intramuscularly on Day 5 after AI (day of AI = Day 0), and the control group (n = 12), which received no treatment. Ovarian ultrasonography measured luteal tissue area (LTA), luteal blood flow area (LBF), relative LBF (= LBF/LTA), and dominant follicle area on Day 5. Blood tests measured plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin, and metabolite concentrations on Day 5 and plasma progesterone concentrations on Days 5 and 7. LBF was greater in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows, and plasma Glu concentration was lesser in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows, but in both cases there was no interaction between group and pregnancy outcome. For plasma insulin concentration, there was an interaction between group and pregnancy outcome, with pregnant cows in the hCG group having lesser concentrations than the other groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that group and the interaction between group and plasma insulin concentration were associated with pregnancy outcome. These results suggest that the effect of hCG treatment on Day 5 after AI is related to plasma insulin concentration and is more effective in cows with lesser plasma insulin concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boar semen storage at 5 °C for the reduction of antibiotic use in pig insemination: Pathways from science into practice","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storage of boar semen at 5 °C instead of the conventional temperature of 17 °C is an innovative preservation concept. It enhances protection against the growth of bacteria normally occurring in the ejaculates and potential drug-resistant contaminants from the environment. Thereby it allows the reduction or even elimination of antibiotics in porcine semen extenders. The present article reviews the current state of the low-temperature preservation approach of boar semen, with a special focus on antimicrobial efficiency and fertility in field insemination trials. Particularly the role of semen extenders and temperature management for the achievement of high fertility and biosecurity are elucidated. Insemination data of 1,841 sows in there different countries revealed equally high farrowing rates and litter sizes of semen stored at 5 °C compared to the controls stored at 17 °C. Microbiology data obtained from semen doses spiked with multi-drug resistant bacteria showed the efficiency of the cold semen storage for inhibiting the growth of <em>Serratia marcescens</em>, a bacterial species with high sperm-toxicity. Evolving concepts on the physiological role of the male reproductive microbiome for female fertility provides a further argument against the complete eradication of bacteria in the semen dose by antibiotic additives to the extenders. Finally, motivation and practical considerations for the use of the novel preservation tool in artificial insemination of pigs are revealed, which might encourage the transformation towards a sustainable production of boar semen doses following the One Health approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 107486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into crucial molecules and protein channels involved in pig sperm cryopreservation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryopreservation is the most efficient procedure for long-term preservation of mammalian sperm; however, its use is not currently dominant for boar sperm before its use for artificial insemination. In fact, freezing and thawing have an extensive detrimental effect on sperm function and lead to impaired fertility. The present work summarises the basis of the structural and functional impact of cryopreservation on pig sperm that have been extensively studied in recent decades, as well as the molecular alterations in sperm that are related to this damage. The wide variety of mechanisms underlying the consequences of alterations in expression levels and structural modifications of sperm proteins with diverse functions is detailed. Moreover, the use of cryotolerance biomarkers as predictors of the potential resilience of a sperm sample to the cryopreservation process is also discussed. Regarding the proteins that have been identified to be relevant during the cryopreservation process, they are classified according to the functions they carry out in sperm, including antioxidant function, plasma membrane protection, sperm motility regulation, chromatin structure, metabolism and mitochondrial function, heat-shock response, premature capacitation and sperm-oocyte binding and fusion. Special reference is made to the relevance of sperm membrane channels, as their function is crucial for boar sperm to withstand osmotic shock during cryopreservation. Finally, potential aims for future research on cryodamage and cryotolerance are proposed, which might be crucial to minimise the side-effects of cryopreservation and to make it a more advantageous strategy for boar sperm preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 107547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial insemination and optimization of the use of seminal doses in swine","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optimization of processes associated with artificial insemination<span><span> (AI) is of great importance for the success of the pig<span> industry. Over the last two decades, great reproductive performance has been achieved, making further significant progress limited. Optimizing the AI program, however, is essential to the pig industry's sustainability. Thus, the aim is not only to reduce the number of sperm cells used per estrous sow but also to improve some practical management in sow farms and boar studs to transform the high reproductive performance to a more efficient program. As productivity is mainly influenced by the number of inseminated sows, guaranteeing a constant breeding group and with healthy animals is paramount. In the AI studs, all management must ensure conditions to the health of the boars. Some strategies have been proposed and discussed to achieve these targets. A constant flow of high-quality and well-managed breeding groups, </span></span>quality control<span><span> of semen doses produced, more reliable technology in the laboratory routine, removal of less fertile boars, the use of intrauterine AI, the use of a single AI with control of estrus<span> and ovulation (fixed-time AI), estrus detection based on artificial intelligence technologies, and optimization regarding the use of semen doses from high genetic-indexed boars are some strategies in which improvement is sought. In addition to these new approaches, we must revisit the processes used in boar studs, semen delivery network, and sow </span></span>farm management for a more efficient AI program. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities in adopting some technologies to achieve satisfactory reproductive performance and efficiency.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7880,"journal":{"name":"Animal Reproduction Science","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 107501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141086336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}