JAPCA最新文献

{"title":"Indoor-outdoor carbon monoxide concentrations at four sites in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","authors":"D R Rowe, K H Al-Dhowalia, M E Mansour","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466596","url":null,"abstract":"In Saudi Arabia, the major outdoor anthropogenic source of carbon monoxide (CO) is the 4,280,986 cars registered in the Kingdom last year. Of these vehicles, approximately 1,300,000 are registered in the Riyadh area. The major sources of indoor CO in Riyadh are gas cooking facilities, kerosene heaters, charcoal burners, hubble bubble pipes (water pipes), and tobacco smoking. The current Saudi Arabian Ambient Air Quality Standards (SAAQS) for CO are 10 mg/m{sup 3} (9 ppm) maximum for 8-hour average exposure, and 40 mg/m{sup 3} (35 ppm) for 1-hour average exposure. The allowable exceedance is twice per month. These standards are the same for the United States except no exceedance is allowed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CO levels indoors and outdoors at four sites in Riyadh. Continuous sampling was conducted at four sites with Ecolyzer Series 200 Monitors, together with Rustrak Recorders Model 288.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 8","pages":"1100-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13934738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor/outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia.","authors":"M A Cohen,&nbsp;P B Ryan,&nbsp;Y Yanagisawa,&nbsp;J D Spengler,&nbsp;H Ozkaynak,&nbsp;P S Epstein","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Kanawha Valley region of West Virginia which is comprised of Charleston and surrounding communities is the center of a heavily industrialized area known for its chemical manufacturing. As part of a larger study designed to investigate the impact of the chemical industry on human exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOC), a study of the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations was conducted. Thirty-five homes were selected for monitoring from among volunteers; approximately ten in each of three distinct population-industry centers and four outside the Valley to act as controls. Monitoring was performed using passive, badge samplers with a three-week monitoring period. Two separate questionnaires were administered: one for characterization of the residence; and one to characterize source use during monitoring. Participants were also asked to keep a record of their activities with respect to in-home, outdoors and other indoor environments. Analysis of the samplers was performed by solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography using a flame-ionization detector. Results suggest that indoor VOC concentrations are higher than outdoor concentrations. Additionally, certain ventilation-related parameters were identified that afforded some predictive power for indoor concentrations. No statistically significant differences between regions were identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 8","pages":"1086-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13933456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of the impact of industrial fluoride emissions on a rural environment.","authors":"E Villar,&nbsp;A Bonet,&nbsp;N Díaz-Caneja,&nbsp;E Fernández,&nbsp;P L Fernández,&nbsp;L S Quindós,&nbsp;J Soto","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466595","url":null,"abstract":"In this note we study current fluoride levels in the area of Onton, Cantabria (Spain), in the vicinity of a factory whose main industrial activity is the production of fluoride compounds. When the factory opened in the early 1970s, it was the source of a serious pollution problem; an increasing number of cases of fluorosis in cattle on farms near the factor were detected in addition to extensive damage to vegetation. Although the company implemented an antipollution plan to minimize fluoride emission levels in 1975, this problem has not yet been solved. The factory is situated by the sea on the north coast of Spain in a mountainous area. Two valleys stretch south and southeast of the factory in the direction of the prevailing winds. The climate is mild and wet. Since stock-raising is the dominant activity in the region, the area is mostly devoted to pasture. The study, which was done in 1986, measured fluoride concentrations in air, surface water, and pastures, and in milk and urine samples from cattle.","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 8","pages":"1098-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13934737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptable cancer risks: probabilities and beyond.","authors":"P F Ricci,&nbsp;L A Cox,&nbsp;J P Dwyer","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The acceptability of cancer risk requires consideration of factors that extend beyond mere numerical representations, such as either individual lifetime risk in excess of background and excess incidence. Recently, use of these numbers has been tempered by the addition of qualitative weights-of-evidence that describe the degree of support provided by animal and epidemiologic results. Nevertheless, many other factors, most of which are not quantitative, require incorporation but remain neglected by the analyst eager to use quantitative results. In this paper we show that simple risk measures are often fraught with problems. Moreover, these measures do not incorporate the very essence of acceptability, which includes notions of responsibility, accountability, equity, and procedural legitimacy, among others. We link the process of risk assessment to those legal and regulatory standards that shape it. These standards are among the principal means to resolve risk-related disputes and to enhance the balancing of competing interests when science and law meet on uncertain and often conjectural ground. We conclude the paper with a proposal for the portfolio approach to manage cancer risks and to deal with uncertain scientific information. This approach leads to the concept of \"provisional acceptability,\" which reflects the choices available to the decisionmaker, and the trade-offs inherent to such choices.</p>","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 8","pages":"1046-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13817247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPA begins medical waste tracking program.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 8","pages":"1032-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13933454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Administration's clean air plan called \"New era in environmental protection\".","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 7","pages":"988-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13909569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPA's perspective on risks from residential radon exposure.","authors":"J S Puskin,&nbsp;C B Nelson","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor radon has been judged to be the most serious environmental carcinogen which the EPA must address for the general public. The optimal strategy for dealing with this problem depends on the magnitude of the risk, how the risk is distributed within the population, as well as the effectiveness and costs of mitigation measures. Based on current exposure and risk estimates, radon exposure in single-family houses may be a causal factor in roughly 20,000 lung cancer fatalities per year. Most of these projected fatalities are attributable to exposures in houses with average or moderately elevated radon levels (below 10 pCi/L). Hence to appreciably reduce radon-induced lung cancers, remediation efforts must include houses not highly elevated in radon. From either an individual risk or a cost-benefit standpoint, reduction of a few pCi/L per home appears to be justified. The optimal strategy for dealing with the indoor radon problem depends on the magnitude of the risk per unit exposure, the distribution of exposures in houses, and the effectiveness and costs of mitigation. EPA's current views with respect to these factors and the associated uncertainties are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 7","pages":"915-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13909568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and biological characterization of products of incomplete combustion from the simulated field burning of agricultural plastic.","authors":"W P Linak,&nbsp;J V Ryan,&nbsp;E Perry,&nbsp;R W Williams,&nbsp;D M DeMarini","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical and biological analyses were performed to characterize products of incomplete combustion emitted during the simulated open field burning of agricultural plastic. A small utility shed equipped with an air delivery system was used to simulate pile burning and forced-air-curtain incineration of a nonhalogenated agricultural plastic that reportedly consisted of polyethylene and carbon black. Emissions were analyzed for combustion gases; volatile, semi-volatile, and particulate organics; and toxic and mutagenic properties. Emission samples, as well as samples of the used (possibly pesticide-contaminated) plastic, were analyzed for the presence of several pesticides to which the plastic may have been exposed. Although a variety of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were identified in the volatile, semi-volatile, and particulate fractions of these emissions, a substantial fraction of higher molecular weight organic material was not identified. No pesticides were identified in either combustion emission samples or dichloromethane washes of the used plastic. When mutagenicity was evaluated by exposing Salmonella bacteria (Ames assay) to whole vapor and vapor/particulate emissions, no toxic or mutagenic effects were observed. However, organic extracts of the particulate samples were moderately mutagenic. This mutagenicity compares approximately to that measured from residential wood heating on a revertant per unit heat release basis. Compared to pile burning, forced air slightly decreased the time necessary to burn a charge of plastic. There was not a substantial difference, however, in the variety or concentrations of organic compounds identified in samples from these two burn conditions. This study highlights the benefits of a combined chemical/biological approach to the characterization of complex, multi-component combustion emissions. These results may not reflect those of other types of plastic that may be used for agricultural purposes, especially those containing halogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 6","pages":"836-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13894660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPA announces \"right to know\" results of 1987 toxic release inventory.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 6","pages":"864-6, 878-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13894661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health risks of short-term SO2 exposure to exercising asthmatics.","authors":"P C Freudenthal,&nbsp;H D Roth,&nbsp;T Hammerstrom,&nbsp;C Lichtenstein,&nbsp;R E Wyzga","doi":"10.1080/08940630.1989.10466569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A method is described for quantifying health risks to asthmatics briefly exposed to elevated levels of SO2. By combining symptomological and physiological measurements, we have developed a dose-response surface that relates both severity and incidence of response to ambient air quality levels. The complete model to assess potentially avoidable risks includes power plant emission data; ambient SO2 background levels; demographic and activity patterns of asthmatics, the identified population at risk; and the dose-response surface. The estimated annual risk to persons experiencing an SO2-induced response due to a nearby power plant is quite small (response rates under 3 percent). Uncertainties due to modeling errors, variations in activity patterns, demographics and physiological response are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77731,"journal":{"name":"JAPCA","volume":"39 6","pages":"831-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08940630.1989.10466569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13895328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}