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Rapid elbow flexion in the absence of proprioceptive and cutaneous feedback. 在没有本体感觉和皮肤反馈的情况下肘关节快速屈曲。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1987-01-01
R Forget, Y Lamarre
{"title":"Rapid elbow flexion in the absence of proprioceptive and cutaneous feedback.","authors":"R Forget,&nbsp;Y Lamarre","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapid goal-directed movements of elbow flexion were studied in normal human subjects and in patients deprived of proprioceptive and cutaneous feedback. All normal subjects showed a burst of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the extensor muscle (antagonist) that served to arrest the limb precisely in the target zone. The magnitude of this burst co-varied with the magnitude of the initial accelerating burst in the flexor muscle (agonist). In patients, there was a small decelerating burst poorly correlated with the agonist activity. All patients had difficulty to control the amplitude of their movements due to improper adjustment of the size and time of onset of the decelerating burst. It is concluded that the central nervous system can generate a sequence of commands to accelerate and decelerate a limb in the absence of peripheral feedback. However, information from the moving limb is required to adjust the magnitude and time of onset of deceleration.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"27-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14167567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple memory systems and consciousness. 多重记忆系统和意识。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1987-01-01
E Tulving
{"title":"Multiple memory systems and consciousness.","authors":"E Tulving","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This Introduction to the Special Issue on Human Memory discusses some of the recent and current developments in the study of human memory from the neuropsychological perspective. A problem of considerable current interest, that of multiple memory systems, is a problem in classification. Much of the evidence for it is derived from clinical and experimental observations of dissociations between performances in memory tasks. The distinction between short-term and long-term memory is considered as an example of classification by dissociation. Current conceptualizations of multiple long-term memory systems are reviewed from the vantage point that distinguishes among three major kinds of memory--episodic, semantic, and procedural. These systems are briefly described and compared, and current views concerning the relation between them are discussed. The role of consciousness in memory is raised against the backdrop of the suggestion that it may be necessary to differentiate among several kinds of consciousness.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 2","pages":"67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14432615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evolution of neuronal numerical density in the developing and aging human visual cortex. 人类视觉皮层发育和衰老过程中神经元数量密度的演变。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1987-01-01
G Leuba, L J Garey
{"title":"Evolution of neuronal numerical density in the developing and aging human visual cortex.","authors":"G Leuba,&nbsp;L J Garey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal numerical density in area 17 of the human cerebral cortex was estimated over a wide range of ages from mid-gestation to old age. The density at 21 weeks of gestation is very high (over one million/mm3) and decreases steeply but regularly until birth, when it is around 90,000 neurons/mm3. It continues to decrease until about 4 months postnatally, when it reaches values of about 40,000 neurons/mm3. Thereafter neuronal density remains more or less stable and the mean value for young adults is about 35,000 neurons/mm3. Values for supragranular, granular and infragranular layers follow a similar temporal sequence and also stabilize a few months postnatally. However, until 31 weeks of gestation, the granular layer IVc has a slightly lower neuronal density than that of the supragranular zone including layers II, III, IVa and b. Around birth, the neuronal density of layer IVc is about double that in supragranular layers and remains relatively high in the adult. With aging the cortical neuronal density again increases slightly, reaching a mean of 44,000 neurons/mm3 for five cases aged over 80 years. The number of neurons under one square millimeter of cerebral cortex also undergoes a very steep decrease until birth, stabilizes a few months after birth and seems to remain stable in adult and old age. We find no conclusive evidence for neuronal loss with aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"11-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14705066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A comparison of perceptive and receptive fields in man and monkey. 人和猴子感知和接受野的比较。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1987-01-01
L Spillmann, A Ransom-Hogg, R Oehler
{"title":"A comparison of perceptive and receptive fields in man and monkey.","authors":"L Spillmann,&nbsp;A Ransom-Hogg,&nbsp;R Oehler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have measured the perceptive field, the psychophysical correlate of the physiologically determined receptive field, in man and monkey. Measurements were made using the Hermann grid illusion and the Westheimer paradigm. The following results were found: First, in both man and monkey, the size of perceptive fields and field centers increases from the fovea to the periphery. As with receptive fields, this increase is first rapid and then more gradual; and it is more pronounced on the temporal than on the nasal side of the retina. Second, monkey and human perceptive field centers are approximately the same size. But total perceptive fields (i.e., centers plus surrounds) tend to be smaller in monkeys. Third, in monkey, psychophysically measured perceptive field centers are about the same size as neurophysiologically measured receptive field centers. And as these, they are larger, by a factor 1.3-2, than histologically measured dendritic fields. These findings strongly indicate that in monkey all three measurements refer to the same underlying retinal mechanism. The same relationship is assumed to hold in man.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14423438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of supination-pronation movements in normal children. 正常儿童旋前-旋前运动的发展。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1986-01-01
C Njiokiktjien, M Driessen, L Habraken
{"title":"Development of supination-pronation movements in normal children.","authors":"C Njiokiktjien,&nbsp;M Driessen,&nbsp;L Habraken","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 219 normal children aged from 4 to 9 years it is shown that several features of hand-arm supination/pronation movements do not develop with age at the same rate. Ipsilateral synkineses as well as associated mirror movements decrease and diadochokinetic movements are performed in a more regular way. Bimanual mirrorwise movements are well performed at an early age, while bimanual alternate movements have a slower development at the ages under study. It is argued that the developmental rate of bimanual alternate movements might partly represent the maturation of interhemispheric connectivity and contributes to the clinical judgment of development in a different way from the development of unimanual movements. It is thought that each characteristic of these movements has its own nervous substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"5 3","pages":"199-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14889056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Receptive fields and the representation of visual information. 感受野和视觉信息的表征。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1986-01-01
S W Zucker, R A Hummel
{"title":"Receptive fields and the representation of visual information.","authors":"S W Zucker,&nbsp;R A Hummel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Receptive fields in the retina indicate the first measurements taken over the (discrete) visual image. Why are they circular surround with an excitatory/inhibitory structure? We hypothesize that this provides a representation of the visual information in a form suitable for transmission over the optic nerve, a rather limited channel, that can then be extended into a variety of representations at the cortex. These cortical representations span a range of sizes and functionally separate positive and negative contrast data, precisely as is required for further processing. Our scheme is both physiologically and psychophysically plausible. In particular, we derive an explicit formula for constructing large receptive fields from small ones, and introduce the notion of de-blurring to derive interpolation filters for hyperacuity. A mathematical requirement of our scheme is a form of separation between positive and negative contrast data, a nonlinearity that we predict will agree with observations. Furthermore, the mathematics that we utilize are more naturally applicable to physiological models based on Gaussian than are (Fourier) spatial frequencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"5 2","pages":"121-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14852320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sex differences in the fetal human corpus callosum. 胎儿人类胼胝体的性别差异。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1986-01-01
M C de Lacoste, R L Holloway, D J Woodward
{"title":"Sex differences in the fetal human corpus callosum.","authors":"M C de Lacoste,&nbsp;R L Holloway,&nbsp;D J Woodward","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Midsagittal sections of fetal cerebra from the Yakovlev collection ranging from 26-41 weeks gestational age were photographed. The photographs were used to obtain areal measurements of the cross-sectional surface of the corpora callosa; and linear measurements of the widths of genu, body and splenium. A significant sex difference, favoring females, was found in the splenial width of the corpus callosum by 26 weeks gestational age. Although other variables, including the overall cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum, were larger in females both absolutely and relative to brain weight, the differences were not statistically significant. These results suggest that the gonadal steroids and/or genetic sex have an important role in utero in the differentiation of neural structures not associated with reproductive functions. Elaboration of sex differences, however, may occur postnatally.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"5 2","pages":"93-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14852325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of the human dentate nucleus. 人类齿状核的发育。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1986-01-01
P Mihajlovic, N Zecevic
{"title":"Development of the human dentate nucleus.","authors":"P Mihajlovic,&nbsp;N Zecevic","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The developing human dentate nucleus (DN) was studied in a series of specimens of various pre- and postnatal ages ranging from 8 gestational weeks (gw) to 10 years, in Golgi-impregnated and Nissl-stained material. The DN emerges from the cerebellar white matter at around 16 gestational weeks (gw) as a thick band of cells (600-700 micron in width) that gradually attenuates to a final width of 150-250 micron as it undergoes extensive infolding beginning around 24 gw. The highly convoluted configuration of the adult DN is recognizable by 35 gw. Around 16 gw, two basic classes of DN neurons can be identified. Differentiation of these neurons is especially intensive during the mid-gestational period (20-25 gw). At this time the size of cell bodies increases, dendrites branch profusely and acquire spines. A second, slower phase of maturation consisting of addition of secondary and tertiary branches, continues into the postnatal period. At all prenatal ages examined, dentate neurons are morphologically more mature than the Purkinje cells in the overlying cortex. DN neurons of premature infants did not show cytomorphological differences when compared with babies born at term.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"5 3","pages":"189-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14889055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An immunohistochemical study of six biologically active peptides in the human brain. 人脑中六种生物活性肽的免疫组织化学研究。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1986-01-01
C Bouras, P J Magistretti, J H Morrison
{"title":"An immunohistochemical study of six biologically active peptides in the human brain.","authors":"C Bouras,&nbsp;P J Magistretti,&nbsp;J H Morrison","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The morphological characteristics and distribution patterns of neurons immunoreactive for antisera against six biologically active peptides were examined by indirect immunofluorescence in the human brain. The peptides studied were: met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. The tissue samples for this study were removed, dissected and placed into fixative within 4 h post-mortem. Regional differences throughout the entire neuraxis were observed in the localization of cell bodies, fibers and terminals for the various peptides. The observations reported in this article demonstrate certain distribution patterns for peptide immunoreactivities that appear to be specific to the human brain when compared to other species. These morphologic studies establish a valuable framework for the further analysis of the role of peptide-containing neuronal circuits in normal and diseased human brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"5 4","pages":"213-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13580945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On functional concepts for the explanation of visual pattern recognition. 视觉模式识别的功能概念解释。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1986-01-01
H Glünder
{"title":"On functional concepts for the explanation of visual pattern recognition.","authors":"H Glünder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An overview is given covering approximately 30 years of research in the field of functional concepts for the explanation of visual pattern recognition processes. Due to its important role, the Perceptron approach is briefly sketched. This concept, representing to a great extent the present opinion about pattern recognition in the field of visual sciences, is investigated with respect to its invariance properties and its structure. Fundamental facts about the nature of human perception (Gestalt-aspect) and about the processing structure of the visual system are used as qualification criteria. Alternatively, a recent concept that explains the high degree of invariance in visual perception by the evaluation of inner pattern relations is introduced and investigated with respect to its biological plausibility. It is also compared with the Perceptron concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"5 1","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14640313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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