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The visually evoked potential in response to vernier offsets in infants. 婴儿游标偏移反应的视觉诱发电位。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
R E Manny
{"title":"The visually evoked potential in response to vernier offsets in infants.","authors":"R E Manny","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The visually evoked potential (VEP) was recorded from infants (1 month 25 days to 13 months 3 days) in response to vernier offsets, motion displacements, and a stationary stimulus which served as a noise control. The records were analyzed by five masked adult observers familiar with VEP recordings using a signal detection method. The results suggest that a VEP can be recorded from infants in response to a vernier offset and the response resembles that obtained from adults tested with the same procedure. However, unlike adults, infants also showed a response to a motion displacement of the same magnitude suggesting that infants may not show the same specificity for the break in colinearity characteristic of the adult VEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"273-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neurofunctional assessment of early phases of Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary note on hemispheric EEG characteristics during cognitive tasks. 阿尔茨海默病早期阶段的神经功能评估:认知任务期间半球脑电图特征的初步说明。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
S Scarone, E Pieri, R Cattaneo, O Gambini, C Colombo, L Pugnetti
{"title":"Neurofunctional assessment of early phases of Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary note on hemispheric EEG characteristics during cognitive tasks.","authors":"S Scarone,&nbsp;E Pieri,&nbsp;R Cattaneo,&nbsp;O Gambini,&nbsp;C Colombo,&nbsp;L Pugnetti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>EEG characteristics, in terms of power distribution in 1-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-13, 13-18, 18-30 Hz frequency bands were evaluated in six putative non-medicated male Alzheimer patients. The latter were compared with six age and sex-matched normal controls during both resting conditions and tactile identification tasks specific for the left and right hemispheres. The result indicate a significant difference in the power of the 8-10 frequency band between the two groups and a significant hypovariability in the 6-8 and 8-10 bands during tactile tasks: Alzheimer patients showed reduced power and, also, where less reactive, no differences between the left and right hemispheres having appeared. These findings seem to confirm the specificity of EEG modifications in Alzheimer's disease, even in the very early phases of the pathological process. Possible implications are discussed in the light of some biochemical hypotheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"289-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An outline of human neuroethology. 人类神经行为学概论。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
D Ploog
{"title":"An outline of human neuroethology.","authors":"D Ploog","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroethology is concerned with the analysis of neural substrates and mechanisms that underlie invariant forms of species-typical behavior. The aim of this outline is to delineate in an evolutionary perspective some specific human functional brain states and mechanisms which form the foundation of homo-typical behavior and experience. Dreaming, as one example, is considered to belong to the universals of human experience. Another example is the repertoire of human emotion and mental phenomena evoked by the electrical stimulation of the human limbic system. The expression of emotions by vocal behavior gains momentum in man and is based on certain transformations of the CNS that were fundamental for the emergence of speech. The phonemes in speech are the species-typical articulatory gestures for which a special decoding device is required. This innate mechanism may have features in common with the vocal signal decoding mechanism of subhuman primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"227-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Event-related EEG-spectra in a concept formation task. 概念形成任务中与事件相关的脑电图。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
W Lang, M Lang, A Kornhuber, V Diekmann, H H Kornhuber
{"title":"Event-related EEG-spectra in a concept formation task.","authors":"W Lang,&nbsp;M Lang,&nbsp;A Kornhuber,&nbsp;V Diekmann,&nbsp;H H Kornhuber","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Event-related spectra of short EEG epochs were investigated in a concept formation paradigm. In this task, subjects had to learn to transform letters into Morse codes. Related to a resting state, cognitive performance in this learning task was characterized (i) by an increased mean power density (MPD) within the Theta frequency band (theta) in recordings over the frontal lobes and (ii) by a reduced Alpha (alpha) MPD in all recording sites. The performance-related increase of the theta-MPD, as obtained in left frontolateral and frontomedial recordings, separated (i) the learning task from an appropriate control and (ii) a group of successful learners from a group which performed less efficiently. MPDs of the alpha- and the delta-(Delta) frequency band did not differ between tasks and groups. A consistent finding in the learning tasks was a temporal dissociation of performance-related alpha-attenuation between parietal and frontal recordings: in the period preceding the presentation of the informative stimuli, the alpha-rhythm is attenuated especially at parietal recordings, whereas in frontal recordings, alpha-attenuation accompanied information processing and response selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"295-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The H reflex recovery curve reinvestigated: low-intensity conditioning stimulation and nerve compression disclose differential effects of presumed group Ia fibres in man. H反射恢复曲线重新研究:低强度条件刺激和神经压迫揭示了人类Ia群纤维的不同作用。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
A Rossi, R Mazzocchio, M Schieppati
{"title":"The H reflex recovery curve reinvestigated: low-intensity conditioning stimulation and nerve compression disclose differential effects of presumed group Ia fibres in man.","authors":"A Rossi,&nbsp;R Mazzocchio,&nbsp;M Schieppati","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recovery curve of the soleus H reflex, evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa, was studied by applying an electrical conditioning stimulus to the inferior soleus nerve. Under these conditions a long-latency facilitatory phase could be superimposed on a long-lasting inhibition, the excitability cycle being therefore similar to that obtained by means of a paired shock to the tibial nerve. In order to identify the afferent fibres responsible for the effects observed, various conditioning stimulus strengths and nerve compression were used. A low-intensity stimulus induced only a facilitatory phase, while the inhibition promptly ensued on increasing stimulus strength, which remained however subliminal for activation of group II fibres. During calf compression exerted by a sphygmomanometer cuff placed between the conditioning and test stimuli, the facilitatory effects disappeared within 10 to 15 min, and the inhibitory ones disappeared within 25 to 30 min from the onset of compression. Tonic voluntary contraction enhanced both the inhibition and the facilitation. In a subject with complete spinal section, both inhibitory and facilitatory phases could be demonstrated on low-intensity stimulation. The present data, and previous results of ours, allow the following conclusions. (1) Facilitation and inhibition are produced by fibres likely belonging to group Ia spindle afferents. (2) Both effects are of spinal origin. (3) The spinal circuits mediating the effects may be modulated by descending commands. (4) The facilitation is sustained by tonic supraspinal influences while the inhibition is independent of it. Arguments are proposed against the hypotheses that the inhibition be due to transmitter depletion or to presynaptic mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"281-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Decreased numbers of dendritic spines on cortical pyramidal neurons in dementia. A quantitative Golgi study on biopsy samples. 痴呆患者皮层锥体神经元树突棘数量减少。活体组织标本定量高尔基体研究。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
I Catalá, I Ferrer, E Galofré, I Fábregues
{"title":"Decreased numbers of dendritic spines on cortical pyramidal neurons in dementia. A quantitative Golgi study on biopsy samples.","authors":"I Catalá,&nbsp;I Ferrer,&nbsp;E Galofré,&nbsp;I Fábregues","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of layer III pyramidal cells was counted in cerebral biopsies, processed in part according to the rapid Golgi method, which had been performed for diagnostic purposes on patients suffering from dementia of different origins. The samples were from cases affected by Alzheimer's disease (3 patients), Parkinson's disease and dementia (1 patient), Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (4 patients), Pick's disease (1 patient) and dementia paralytica (1 patient). Spines were counted on consecutive segments of the apical dendrite along the 500-microns proximal region from the cell body. A significant decrease in the number of spines was observed in almost every segment of the apical dendrite in demented patients when compared with similar measurements carried out in age-matched controls (p less than 0.01-0.001); Mann-Whitney U-test. Decreased numbers of dendritic spines may result in reduced inputs on cortical neurons and may be a consistent morphological substrate for the impaired mental status in cortical dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"255-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Numerical estimates of GABA immunoreactive neurons in the human lateral geniculate nucleus in the prenatal period. 产前期人外侧膝状核中GABA免疫反应神经元的数值估计。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
S Wadhwa, J Takács, V Bijlani, J Hámori
{"title":"Numerical estimates of GABA immunoreactive neurons in the human lateral geniculate nucleus in the prenatal period.","authors":"S Wadhwa,&nbsp;J Takács,&nbsp;V Bijlani,&nbsp;J Hámori","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantitative analysis has been performed on Nissl stained and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of human fetuses ranging from 8 to 37 weeks of gestation. Total cell density in the LGN increases from 8 to 12 weeks of gestation with a subsequent decline continuously up to 37 weeks. No GABA immunoreactive neurons are visualized in the LGN of 8 and 12 weeks fetuses. At 15-16 weeks of gestation 1% of neurons are immunostained. A peak rise is seen to occur at 17 weeks when 16% cells are GABA immunopositive. However, at 19 weeks there is an equally sharp decline in the percentage of GABA neurons to 4%. Subsequently, with the continued reduction in overall numerical density the percentage of GABA neurons remains relatively constant but rises again to 5% at 26 weeks. On making quantitative estimations of numerical density and percentage of GABA neurons separately for the prospective magno- and parvocellular regions in the early age periods from 15-16 to 21 weeks as well as at 22-23 weeks, when magnocellular laminae begin to segregate, and at 26 weeks when distinct laminae are present, it is observed that the magnocellular regions have a higher density and percentage of GABA neurons at all the gestational ages in comparison to the parvocellular region. With increasing gestational age, non-GABA neurons gradually increase in size with marked growth of magnocellular neurons at 26 weeks. The GABA neurons, on the other hand, have an almost constant size up to 19 weeks and start growing from 21 weeks onwards. The GABA neurons tend to be larger in the magno- than in parvocellular regions at all gestational ages studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"261-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Magnification factors and the organization of the human striate cortex. 放大因子与人类纹状皮层的组织。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
D J Tolhurst, L Ling
{"title":"Magnification factors and the organization of the human striate cortex.","authors":"D J Tolhurst,&nbsp;L Ling","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review the evidence relating to the organization of the human striate cortex to determine whether the latter is organized in a way similar to that of the macaque monkey. There are only limited data available to allow direct determination of the magnification factors in human striate cortex. These suggest that the linear magnification factor is about 1.6 times greater than that in the macaque. This is consistent with the observations that the human striate cortex, compared to that of the macaque, has over 2 times the area, has neurones with longer dendrites, wider ocular dominance columns and more widely separated cytochrome oxidase \"blobs\". The striate cortices in both species have the same total number of neurones. The foveal magnification factor in the macaque is presently believed to be about 15 mm.deg-1; it seems reasonable, therefore, to believe that the human foveal value will be about 20-25 mm.deg-1 rather than the value of 8-11 mm.deg-1 which is currently accepted. Magnification factor falls more rapidly with eccentricity than do current estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"247-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13970913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fine structure of neuronal spherical arginine-rich bodies of substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in the human brain. 人脑黑质和蓝斑富含精氨酸的神经元球形体的精细结构。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
M R Issidorides, G D Pappas
{"title":"Fine structure of neuronal spherical arginine-rich bodies of substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in the human brain.","authors":"M R Issidorides,&nbsp;G D Pappas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal spherical bodies, rich in arginine, of catecholamine neurons in man display staining reactions of mitotic chromosomes and myelin basic protein. They show a unique fine structure and density in the EM after phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin block-staining. With an electron-lucent core, a dense rim and a limiting double membrane they stand out and are differentiated from all other neuronal inclusions, especially melanin. Protein bodies were found inside mitochondria, where they apparently originate as small globules in the matrix. They later enlarge into spheres by obliterating the cristae, but retaining the outer membranes of the parent mitochondrion. The arginine-rich basic protein of the spherical bodies, it is argued, may be involved in the modulation of excitability of the catecholamine neurons in man.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"239-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13970912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Morphometric analysis of the human corpus callosum and anterior commissure. 人胼胝体与前连合的形态计量学分析。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1988-01-01
S Demeter, J L Ringo, R W Doty
{"title":"Morphometric analysis of the human corpus callosum and anterior commissure.","authors":"S Demeter,&nbsp;J L Ringo,&nbsp;R W Doty","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cross-sectional areas of the corpus callosum (CC) and anterior commissure (AC) were determined by computer-assisted morphometry in normal human brains obtained at autopsy. In addition, the shape of each CC was examined qualitatively by three \"blind\" observers. A two-fold variation was observed in the cross-sectional area of the CC. Surprisingly, callosal cross-sectional area was not significantly related to brain weight. Moreover, contrary to recent reports, neither simple inspection nor morphometry revealed structural variation related to sex. A striking, seven-fold, variation was observed in the cross-sectional area of the AC. However, AC cross-sectional area was not related either to brain weight or CC cross-sectional area. A trend toward sexual dimorphism in AC cross-sectional area was observed, with males having the larger AC's. Since the interhemispheric commissures are composed, to a large extent, of fibers that link the various cortical areas of the two hemispheres, these observations suggest that variation in the cross-sectional area of the interhemispheric commissures is not simply related to brain weight or sex but, rather, reflects a similar degree of variation in some aspect of cortical structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"6 4","pages":"219-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14477976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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