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The prefrontal cortex, mediator of cross-temporal contingencies. 前额叶皮层，跨颞叶偶然性的中介。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01
J M Fuster
{"title":"The prefrontal cortex, mediator of cross-temporal contingencies.","authors":"J M Fuster","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A large body of empirical evidence supports the notion of a critical role of the prefrontal cortex in the temporal organization of goal-directed behavioral sequences. The key element of that role is the bridging of cross-temporal contingencies of behavior, in other words, the adjustment of the actions of the organism to temporally distant events and objectives. By the analysis of lesion effects, neuroelectrical phenomena, and metabolic activity we are led to conclude that the prefrontal cortex subserves at least three cognitive functions that allow the mediation of cross-temporal contingencies and, thereby, the formation of temporally extended structures of behavior: short-term memory, preparatory set, and control of interference. The three have a somewhat different topographic representation within the prefrontal cortex and thus the principle of its functional heterogeneity is upheld. However, all three sustain the supraordinate role of the prefrontal cortex in the temporal integration of behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 3","pages":"169-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15047767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory. 额叶和记忆的时间组织。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01
B Milner, M Petrides, M L Smith
{"title":"Frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory.","authors":"B Milner,&nbsp;M Petrides,&nbsp;M L Smith","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence for a major involvement of the frontal cortex in various aspects of the temporal organization of memory has emerged from the study of patients who had sustained a unilateral frontal- or temporal-lobe excision for the control of cerebral seizures. It has now been established that the frontal cortex participates in judgements of the temporal order of recent events and of their frequency of occurrence, as well as in the planning and monitoring of the execution of self-determined sequences of responses. Some differential effects related to the side of the lesion were observed, these depending both on the nature of the stimulus material used and on the special demands of the task.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 3","pages":"137-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15177975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A developmental study of face recognition in children and adolescents. 儿童和青少年面部识别的发展研究。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01
O J Grüsser, T Selke, B Zynda
{"title":"A developmental study of face recognition in children and adolescents.","authors":"O J Grüsser,&nbsp;T Selke,&nbsp;B Zynda","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A slide projection test was applied to investigate the ability of children to recognize faces and vases. Boys and girls between age 7 and 16 years were investigated. During the inspection series the subjects had to judge 42 black and white photographs of 14 male faces, 14 female faces and 14 vases. One hour after the inspection series a two-choice recognition test (6-s presentation) was performed and 1 week later the second recognition test. (1) During the inspection series the subjects had to make 42 forced-choice decisions as to whether they liked or disliked the projected face or vase. The number of positive responses for vases was in all age groups significantly higher than for faces. For both items positive response scores decreased with age. (2) In all age groups recognition and recall after 1 h was better for faces than for vases. For both items the 7- and 8-year-old children had a significantly higher error score than the other age groups. Boys reached adult performance levels at 9-10 years of age. Under age 15 to 16 years, male subjects had a significantly better face recognition ability than female subjects. This is in contrast to the repeatedly found adult female superiority in face recognition. The sex of the faces and the emotional responses during the inspection series were found to have a slight influence on face recognition. (3) Correct item recognition decreased after 1 week for those items (faces and vases) seen in the inspection series only and not in the first test after 1 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 1","pages":"33-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15111343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Motor control in humans with large-fiber sensory neuropathy. 大纤维感觉神经病患者的运动控制。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1985-01-01
J N Sanes, K H Mauritz, M C Dalakas, E V Evarts
{"title":"Motor control in humans with large-fiber sensory neuropathy.","authors":"J N Sanes,&nbsp;K H Mauritz,&nbsp;M C Dalakas,&nbsp;E V Evarts","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Upper limb motor control was evaluated in a series of patients with a large-fiber sensory neuropathy associated with impaired position, vibration and cutaneous sensation and absence of deep tendon reflexes. Muscular strength was normal or only minimally affected. In studies of wrist movement it was found that both postural maintenance and accuracy of wrist displacement were heavily dependent on visual guidance. Without vision the limb would drift in almost random directions, and during intended movements both the trajectory and movement end-point were abnormal. The defects in posture and voluntary movement control were reflected in the inability of patients to maintain consistent levels or emit consistent patterns of muscle activity. It is concluded that whereas central motor commands are sufficient to initiate movements proprioceptive afferent inputs are important for accurate postural maintenance and the fine control of movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"4 2","pages":"101-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14128065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Motor psychophysics. 运动心理物理学。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1984-01-01
J N Sanes, E V Evarts
{"title":"Motor psychophysics.","authors":"J N Sanes,&nbsp;E V Evarts","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motor psychophysics, a field pioneered by Woodworth, is concerned with rules governing motor performance and with interactions of central and peripheral factors during movement. One unresolved issue in motor psychophysics is the role of proprioceptive inputs and the present article reviews evidence relevant to this issue. In normal subjects, accuracy of small movements is disrupted by perturbations causing unexpected proprioceptive inputs but accuracy of large movements is relatively unaffected. In patients with proprioceptive loss secondary to selective large fiber sensory neuropathy, small movements are grossly inaccurate and there are deficits in maintenance of stable postures and steady force outputs. These results support the notion that proprioceptors play a critical role in postural stability and precise changes of motor output.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"217-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17768701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of postural sway in the normal child. 正常儿童体位摇摆的发展。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1984-01-01
P Odenrick, P Sandstedt
{"title":"Development of postural sway in the normal child.","authors":"P Odenrick,&nbsp;P Sandstedt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The postural sway was examined in 64 healthy children, aged 3.5 to 17 years. The recordings were done in ordinary standing posture on a force platform, with eyes open and closed. For children younger than 10 years, boys swayed more than girls. The sway amplitude decreased with age for boys, but not for girls. The decrease in sway was equally pronounced in sagittal and lateral direction. The amplitude of sway was higher in sagittal than in lateral direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"3 4","pages":"241-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17584402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dissociation of visual and auditory order thresholds after cerebral injury in man. 脑损伤后视觉和听觉阈值的分离。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1984-01-01
J Ilmberger
{"title":"Dissociation of visual and auditory order thresholds after cerebral injury in man.","authors":"J Ilmberger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual and auditory order thresholds were measured with aphasic patients suffering from lesions of the left hemisphere, non-aphasic patients with lesions of the right hemisphere, and a control-group of normals. The aphasic patients showed the highest auditory order thresholds. Visual order thresholds were equal for both groups of patients, but significantly increased compared to those of the control-group. It seems that a lesion of the left hemisphere has consequences for temporal signal processing. The impairment affects primarily the auditory modality. This finding perhaps explains certain difficulties of aphasic patients on the phonetic level.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"3 4","pages":"245-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17584403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Normal and impaired development of children's gait. 儿童步态发育的正常与受损。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1984-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000421491
W. Berger, E. Altenmueller, V. Dietz
{"title":"Normal and impaired development of children's gait.","authors":"W. Berger, E. Altenmueller, V. Dietz","doi":"10.1159/000421491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000421491","url":null,"abstract":"The development of bipedal locomotion was studied electrophysiologically in 50 children, ages varying between 6 months and 7 years. The typical features of the immature gait were: A co-activation of antagonistic leg muscles during the stance phase. With the development of free walking the activity pattern gradually became more reciprocally organized. Up to an age of 4 years, large solitary biphasic potentials in gastrocnemius with segmental latency after the muscle was stretched as the forefoot reached the ground. A reduced magnitude of gastrocnemius-EMG at the early stages of stepping. While the magnitude of tibialis anterior EMG did not change substantially with the maturation of gait, the final magnitude of gastrocnemius activity was established around 4-5 years. In the early stages of gait development, preprogrammed leg muscle EMG in form of the co-activation, and segmental stretch reflex activity appear separately. It is conjectured that during the course of maturation, the integration of the stretch-reflex activity into the preprogrammed leg muscle EMG corresponds to an increase of gastrocnemius activity with optimal adaptation to the environment. The locomotor pattern of older children with cerebral palsy showed a striking similarity to the early stages of gait development in healthy children.","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"3 3 1","pages":"163-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000421491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64855647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 178
Cerebellar functions in motor control. 运动控制中的小脑功能。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1984-01-01
V B Brooks
{"title":"Cerebellar functions in motor control.","authors":"V B Brooks","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How does the cerebellum help to harness the machinery of movement to the intent of the individual, or how is motor \"set\" implemented? Cerebellar guidance is essential for this purpose, and there is growing agreement that this guidance is based on comparisons of intended and ongoing motor activity. Surprisingly little information exists however, on how guidance is translated into muscle action. Three cerebellar contributions to motor control are considered: Conveyance of set (implemention of motor programs), adaptibility of implementing set under changed conditions (plasticity), and incidental adjustment to circumstances of the moment (ongoing control). Current evidence is examined and found largely negative as to whether these cerebellar functions are carried out through modulation of alpha-gamma coactivation, with the possible exception of the fine control of learned movements.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"251-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17296186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human visual development over the first 6 months of life. A review and a hypothesis. 人类在生命最初6个月的视觉发展。一个回顾和一个假设。
Human neurobiology Pub Date : 1984-01-01
J Atkinson
{"title":"Human visual development over the first 6 months of life. A review and a hypothesis.","authors":"J Atkinson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The behavioural changes that occur in visual development in the first 6 months of human life are discussed in relation to the possible underlying changes in neurophysiological mechanisms, with inter-species comparisons being made when appropriate. Recent data on the developing infant's changing capacity to discriminate various stimulus attributes is considered. It appears that orientation discrimination and cortically related visual evoked potentials are present at, or soon after, birth. However, data on colour discrimination, field differences in detection tasks and control of visual attention suggest a subcortical site for control of behaviour for the first month of life. The improvements in spatial and temporal resolution depend on maturation of both peripheral and central structures in the visual pathway and so do not provide a clear distinction between cortical and subcortical function. There is clear evidence that binocular function in the cortex does not emerge until three months postnatally. A hypothesis is proposed that maturation of a number of pathways between cortex and subcortical structures underlies the observed behavioural changes starting at around 2 months of age. The initial immaturity of connections between cortex and pretectum may give rise to asymmetrical monocular OKN. Maturation of pathways from cortex to colliculus could account for improvements in convergence, allowing development of cortical binocularity, and for the developing ability to control shifts of visual attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":77724,"journal":{"name":"Human neurobiology","volume":"3 2","pages":"61-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17439041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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