American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Antimalaria Activity and Acute Toxicity of Xetospongia sp","authors":"S. Abdillah, Rahmatul Wahidah Ahmad, Yatnita Parama Cita, N. M. Noor","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.83.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.83.88","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the in vivo activity of extract of Xetospongia sp against Plasmodium berghei Strain ANKA and acute toxicity in mice. The ethanolic extracts of the Xetospongia sp (50-400 mg kg-1 day) were screened for blood schizonticidal against P. berghei strain ANKA in mice during early and established infections. Acute toxicity of extracts of Xetospongia sp at the dose 5000 mg kg-1 on mice administeredorally exhibited no toxicity, as evident in that fact that no histopathological changes were observed in some essential organs, such as liver, heart, digestive tract and kidney. The ethanolic extracts (50-400 mg kg day-1) exhibited a significant antimalarial activity both in the 4-day early infection test and in the established infection and they were found to be relatively safe up to a dosage of 5000 mg kg-1, with an LD50 value of >500 mg kg-1.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"83-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82594843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIACIN AMELIORATES HYPERCALCIURIA AND HYPERPHOSPHATURIA DUE TO GLUCOCORTICOID ADMINISTRATION IN RATS","authors":"T. Shomali, Ali Fakhrzad","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.73.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.73.77","url":null,"abstract":"Hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia are present in long term and high dose regimens of glucocorticoid therapy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of niacin at its pharmacological dose on calcium and phosphate disturbances due to methylprednisolone administration in growing rats. Twenty one rats were randomly divided into three equal groups and treated as follows for 4 weeks: 1-Normal saline (Control); 2-Methyl Prednisolone (MP) acetate, 3.5 mg kg-1 five days a week, SC and 3- MP acetate, 3.5 mg kg-1 five days a week, SC + niacin 200 mg kg-1 daily by oral gavages. At the end of the experiment, serum and urinary calcium and phosphate assays were performed and calcium content of forth lumbar vertebrate and tibia-fibula bone was determined by atomic absorption method. No significant difference observed in serum calcium or phosphate levels among different groups (p>0.05), however an obvious hypercalciuria associated with hyperphosphaturia was present in MP group as compared to control (p","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"100 3 1","pages":"73-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83398178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AROCLOR 1254 TOXICITY TO MICE LIVER MEMBRANE ATPASES","authors":"S. Pathak, R. Kundu","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.78.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.78.82","url":null,"abstract":"Present communication reports the sub-acute dose and exposure duration dependent effects of Aroclor 1254 on total, Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++-ATPases of the mouse liver cells. The study tests two hypotheses, (a) whether the sublethal dose or the exposure duration dependent in vivo exposure of hydrophobic PCB (Aroclor 1254) affects the hydrophilic membrane-bound ion dependent ATPases of the liver cells and (b) if a response was observed, whether it was a direct effect of the toxicant on the membrane bound enzymes systems. To check these hypotheses, two groups of mice were subjected to different sublethal oral doses (0.1 and 1 mg kg-1 bw d-1) of Aroclor 1254 for three exposure durations (4, 8 and 12 days). Specific activities of four membrane bound ATPases were estimated from the liver tissue of the aroclor treated mice and compared with a control. Results indicated significant dose as well as duration dependent changes in the enzymatic levels in the hepatic cells of the exposed mice. In most of the cases, the enzyme activity was initially inhibited followed by stimulation after longer exposure duration. The observations suggested that the alteration in the enzyme activity was possibly due to the oxidative stress generated by Aroclor 1254. The results indicated that the membrane bound hydrophilic ATPases were indeed affected by the hydrophobic Aroclor, but the effects were possibly indirect through complex chain of reactions exhibited by the cells.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"43 1","pages":"78-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85725608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical Alterations Induced by Amylin in Wistar Rats","authors":"M. Soliman, Z. Ibrahim","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.64.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.64.72","url":null,"abstract":"Amylin is a peptide hormone synthesized in β cells of pancreas together with insulin in response to glucose and nutrients. Amylin controls food intake and body weight but the exact mechanism is still unknown. This study aimed to examine the effects of amylin injection on hormones, metabolites and cytokines expression in rats. Wistar rats were injected amylin Intraperitoneally (IP) (10 µg kg-1 twice daily) for 7 days. Plasma and liver samples were collected for blood measurements and RT-PCR analysis. Amylin treatments induced significant decrease in body weight and food intake in time dependent manner. Moreover, amylin significantly increased insulin, leptin and lipase secretion. A decrease in plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and LPL and increase in HDL levels was recorded. There are upregulation in the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in amylin treated rats. The results collectively indicate that amylin has anti-obesity like effects through regulation of proteins and obesity related gene expression.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"44 1","pages":"64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83689776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEVIRAPINE HEPATOTOXICITY: IMPLICATIONS OF RISK FACTORS","authors":"Elias Adikwu, Oputiri Deo, Oru-Bo Precious Geoffrey, D. A. Enimeya","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.51.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.51.63","url":null,"abstract":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy is used in the management of HIV/AIDS; it has contributed tremendously in the reduction of mortality and morb idity rate in HIV patients. Despite the outstanding achievement with the use of HAART its major limitation is toxicity. Among these toxicities is hepatotoxicity which is said to be associated with nevirapine containing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Recent reports have attributed nevirapine hepatotox icity to some risk factors which includes genetic, gender, CD4 cell count, hepatitis and pregnancy in HIV patients which is of clinical concern. Availabl e information on nevirapine hepatotoxicity and report ed risk factors associated with nevirapine hepatoto xicity was collected and evaluated. In the light of availa ble literature hepatitis B or C is observed to be a risk factor in HIV patients taking nevirapine containing regimens. Hepatitis B and or C/HIV co infection contribute to the progression of hepatotoxicity in HIV patients taking nevirapine containing regimens. The Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) is the genetic element that is reported to drive nevirapine hepatotoxicity, but available information is sketch y to substantiate the involvement of HLA hence furt her evaluation is required. Pregnancy, Gender and CD4 cell count might not be risk factors in nevirapine hepatotoxicity but available body of knowledge showed discrepancies in reports which may warrant furth er evaluation. In this review no correlation was found between pregnancy, CD4 cell count and gender with respect to nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity but this leaves a space for further evaluation. Nevira pine should not be administered to HIV positive patients with hepatitis co infection except benefits out we ights risk. When administered routine monitoring of liver function should be an objective.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"43 1","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75584154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv) Modulates Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats","authors":"C. Ansah, P. E. Dadzeasah, E. Asiamah","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.39.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.39.50","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and curative potential of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Spathodea Campanulata (SCE) in a carbon tetrachloride-induced model of hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats pre-treated with 625 mg kg-1, 1250, 2500 mg kg-1 or silymarin (50 mg kg-1) p.o for 3 days were intoxicated with CCl4 (1 mL kg-1, 20% in liquid paraffin, p.o). In curative studies, rats received CCl4 (1 mL kg-1, 20% in liquid paraffin, p.o daily) for 5 days before treatment with 100, 300 and 625 mg kg-1 or silymarin 50 mg kg-1 p.o daily for 3 days. In both the prophylactic and curative studies, significant hepatoprotective effects were obtained against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride as evident from decreased serum levels of Aspartate Aminotransaminase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma glutamyl transferase and bilirubin in the SCE treated groups (100, 300, 625 mg kg-1) and the silymarin group compared to the intoxicated controls. These results correlated well with the histopathology of liver for treated and control groups as well as the antioxidant protective capacity. The extent of lipid peroxidation assayed showed that TBA reactive substances increased significantly (six fold) in the carbon tetrachloride treated animals compared to the control. Treatment with the extract however restored TBA reactive substances to near normal at all three doses compared to the control. Additionally, the presence of phenols and the reducing power of the extract confirmed the antioxidant protective effect suggested by the reduction in lipid peroxidation. Administration of the extract (p.o) for seven consecutive days also significantly inhibited cytochrome P450 enzymes. The inhibitory effect on P450 enzymes possibly interfered with CCl4 bioactivation and thus protected the hepatocytes. The present study thus suggests that aqueous stem bark extract of Spathodea campanulata significantly reverses CCl4 hepatic damage in rats.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"6 1","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78261935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTI-STRESS EFFECTS OF KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA IN IMMOBILIZATION SUBJECTED RATS","authors":"J. Wattanathorn, T. Tong-un, S. Muchimapura, P. Wannanon, B. Sripanidkulchai, W. Phachonpai","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.31.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.31.38","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that intense and prolonged stress can produce hippocampal neuronal damage and cognitive impairments, few studies have investigated possible ways to prevent its deleterious effects. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of a Thai traditional herb, Kaempferia Parviflora (KP) extract, commonly known as Kra-Chai-Dum, on learning and memory loss and the induction of neurodegeneration in the hippocampus by chronic stress. Rats were ora lly administered KP extract (100, 200 and 300 mg kg -1 ) or vehicle over a period of 21 days while being exp osed to chronic restraint stress (6 h day -1 ). Investigated learning and memory using Morris water maze test after 7, 14 and 21 days of treatment and then the rat s were sacrificed for determining the densities of su rvival and cholinergic neurons in the all regions o f hippocampus. Treatment with KP extract at a dose of 200 mg kg -1 blocked the ability of chronic stress to impair spatial learning and memory retention and en hanced both neuron densities as mention earlier, in all areas of the hippocampus. Present study highlights the modest activity of KP extract against chronic restraint stress induced modification. Thus, using these substances may be useful in neuroprotective s trategy in the treatment of stress.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"100 1","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79309925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CONCENTRATION-EFFECT, INCIDENCE AND MECHANISM OF NEVIRAPINE HEPATOTOXICITY","authors":"A. Elias, B. Nelson","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.20.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.20.30","url":null,"abstract":"Nevirapine is a dipyridozepinone non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for use in HIV-infected patients. Its efficacy has been well demonstrated in numerous clinical trials. It has activity against HIV-1 but does not have significant activity against HIV-2 or other retroviruses. Nevirapine is used as one of the components of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients and in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. Reports have linked nevirapine containing highly active antiretroviral therapy with hepatotoxicity which is of great clinical concern. In this study, a comprehensive literature review on reports (previous and present) of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity in experimental animal studies and humans (case reports, clinical trials and cohorts’ studies) was performed. The relationships between length of nevirapine therapy, plasma concentration and nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity were evaluated. The possible mechanisms of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity were also reviewed. Analysis of data from various clinical trials, cohort and other studies involving patients taking nevirapine containing antiretroviral therapy showed that nevirapine could be hepatotoxic. Nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity is of two distinguished types the early immune mediated hypersensitivity reaction which develops within 18 weeks and the late onset hepatotoxicity which occurs after18 weeks of nevirapine therapy. Most nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity manifested as hepatitis, jaundice, cholestatic hepatitis, hepatic necrosis and fulminant hepatic failure with rare deaths. This hepatotoxicity is associated with elevation in levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and other biomarkers of liver function. Liver enlargement and necrosis which occurred in centrilobular and mediolobular region marked with inflammations are features of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity. Nevirapine hepatotoxicity might have correlation with length of therapy but with discrepancy in reports on the relationship between nevirapine hepatotoxicity and nevirapine plasma concentration. The mechanism of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity is not well understood but could be attributed to direct toxic effect on the liver, mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes, hypersensitivity reaction and stress induced by nevirapine. It is recommended that liver function should be evaluation for HIV patients eligible for nevirapine containing highly active antiretroviral therapy.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77468165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Pectin: A Potential Source for Cancer Suppression","authors":"S. Niture, L. Refai","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.9.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.9.19","url":null,"abstract":"Pectin is a branched polysaccharide present widely in a variety of fruits. It has been of high interest to cancer biologists due to its involvement in metal/carcinogen detoxification and its anti-carcinogenic properties. In particular, Citrus Pectin (CP) and Modified Citrus Pectin (MCP) have been shown to have a significant inhibitory role in cancer cell metastasis, invasion, angiogenesis and survival. The interactions and inactivation of oncogenes by CP and MCP in prostate, breast, liver, lung, melanoma and multiple myeloma cancers suggest that CP and MCP could play an important role in cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention. In this review, we focus on the biological function of pectin with respect to its properties, sources, structure and its potential role in carcinogen detoxification and cancer suppression.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84756715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTI-VENOM STUDIES ON OLAX VIRIDIS AND SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE EXTRACTS","authors":"O. James, E. Godwin, Ogohi Dorathy Agah","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Olax viridis (Olacaceae) and Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae) are shrubs commonly found in the tropics. They are traditional folkloric medicine for a great number of sicknesses. Olax viridis has a wide range of applications in ethnomedicine which include treatment for ulcers, veneral diseases, ringworm, sleeping sickness, diarrhea, fever. Syzygium guineense has been reported as antidiarrheal agent. Liquid from the bark and roots have been reported to act as a purgative when mixed with water. Both plants have been claimed to have antivenom properties. However, there are no scientific reports on snake venom neutralizing activities of these plants. The plant samples were collected from Olowa in Dekina Local Government Area in Kogi State, Nigeria. The chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Wistar albino rats (male) weighing between 180-200 g were randomly divided into seven groups of three (3). Groups 1-7 received water, normal saline, venom, venom and Olax viridis, venom and Syzygium guineense, Olax viridis and Syzygium guineense respectively. The extracts were administered orally at the dose of 400 mg kg-1 b.w of rats and 1 h later, the venom (0.08 mk kg-1) was administered. Pulse rate, blood glucose, rectal temperature, plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, creatine kinase activity and edema were measured. Significant neutralization of the effects of Naja katiensis venom was observed in the groups of rats that received the extracts. Blood glucose, pulse rate, rectal temperature and creatine kinase activity were elevated in the untreated envenomated groups. These results suggest that oral administration of Olax viridis and Syzygium guineense extracts possess antivenom property, thus, providing the rationale for their use in treatment of sake envenomation.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"95 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81842367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}