American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Ribavirin Plus Therapy in Covid-19-A Single-Center Experience","authors":"Budha Oinam Singh, Gaurav Chikara, Prasan Kumar Panda, Yogesh Arvind Bahurupi, Sarama Saha, Venkatesh Srinivasa Pai","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2023.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2023.1.7","url":null,"abstract":": COVID-19 infection has a similar clinical spectrum of disease presentation such as SARS and MERS in the past. These led to the assumption of the possibility to treat COVID-19 infection with antivirals which had been used to treat SARS and MERS. A retrospective analysis was done in symptomatic adult patients of COVID-19 infection to explore whether ribavirin antiviral combinations reduce the need for both Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilation (NIV/IV) in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Cohort A consisted of 40 patients who received the standard therapy and Cohort B of 61 patients who received the ribavirin plus therapy (Ribavirin with Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir/Ritonavir). Cohort A required NIV and IV each in 12.5% of patients while Cohort B required the same in 18.03 and 16.39% of patients respectively (p = 0.456). There was a similar trend of reduction of organ dysfunctions with time in cohort A compared to B. The study concluded there was no statistically significant reduction in the need for ventilation (non-invasive/invasive) and the development of multi-organ dysfunction in COVID-19 patients treated with ribavirin plus therapy, rather clinically standard therapy was better in all aspects.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135102848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Effect on Systemic Diseases","authors":"A. Hussein","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2022.9.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2022.9.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85407104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Interactions Pharmacology: A Narrative Review","authors":"Lívia Maria Barbosa Neves, Louryanne de Castro Silva, M. B. D. de Melo, Yasmin Vitória Silva Nobre, Emanuel Tenório Paulino, Êurica Adélia Nogueira Ribeiro, C. F. Rodrigues, Amanda Karine Barros Ferreira Rodrigues","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2022.27.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2022.27.36","url":null,"abstract":": The simultaneous prescription of multiple drugs used in therapeutic schemes can result in drug interactions, with desirable or undesirable effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the mechanisms involved in clinically relevant drug interactions. This is a narrative review in which studies published in PUBMED and the VHL were searched in the following databases: MedLine, Lilacs, and Scielo. The search was performed in May 2021, after reading the articles and their references. The results showed that drug interactions occur through the co-administration of different compounds. In this context, drugs can suffer pharmaceutical interactions due to different physical-chemical processes, as well as after administration, interfering in the mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, with changes in the pharmacological effect. Such mechanisms can cause undesirable outcomes, such as increased toxicity or impairment of therapeutic effect, or be used as a strategy for beneficial interactions to increase the pharmacological effect or reduce toxicity. Given the clinical impacts that may occur due to drug interactions, knowledge about the different mechanisms involved in drug interactions is essential.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81662819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Repositioning in Response to COVID-19 and other Challenging Diseases","authors":"Hyellavala Joseph Fomnya, S. Ngulde, Sarah Malgwi Gana, G. Bilbonga, K. Amshi, C. Midala, K. Garba","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2022.37.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2022.37.47","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease is a highly contagious infection that is majorly associated with upper respiratory tract illnesses. The World Health Organization (WHO) label the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 after an epidemic of the disease in Wuhan, Hubei province (China). Over 90 clinical trials, including drug repositioning, have been initiated to get COVID-19 treatment/management. Antibiotic resistance, drug tolerance, mutation, and adverse drug effects possess a lot of setbacks during therapy, especially with emerging infectious diseases. This necessitates the need for research into getting newer drugs or repositioning the available ones to meet up with the treatment of both infectious and non-infectious diseases affecting humanity. Drug repositioning is a stepwise process that aids in discovering new indications and therapeutic targets of drugs and it usually takes 3-12 years on average to be completed whereas, in drug discovery, an average of 10-17 years is needed for the whole process. This is because, in repositioning, the research process goes straight to preclinical and clinical trials since both the toxicological and pharmacological profiles of the drug to be repositioned are known, thus reducing time, risk, and costs. Based on 2009 statistics, 30% of all drugs sold in that year are products of repositioning while only one out of one million potential drug candidates have the possibility of entry into clinical studies with a tendency of significant failures. Hence the need to discover additional uses for already established drugs, especially with the emergence of COVID-19. Drug repositioning is therefore considered an alternative way to new drug development as it entails the discovery of newer therapeutic uses of established drugs. Copyright © 2022 Hyellavala Joseph Fomnya, Saidu Ibrahim Ngulde, Sarah Malgwi Gana, Garleya Bilbonga, Kazabu Ahmed Amshi, Chahari Alfred Midala and Kabiru Alhaji Garba.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77747487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of remdesivir with poor clinical outcomes in Covid-19","authors":"R. Ranka","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-894056/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-894056/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Introduction: Need of an antiviral against Covid-19 prompted clinical trials all over the world and based on initial promising trends, remdesivir was widely used all over the world, including India (compassionate use). Subsequent trials have been conflicting in their results and the utility of the drug has been widely debated. Methods: This is a record-based retrospective cohort study carried out in a 1000-bedded government teaching hospital in North India. The medical e-records of the Covid-19 positive patients who were admitted between June and November 2020 were reviewed for eligibility. After making the necessary exclusions, 112 patients were included in the remdesivir cohort and 85 in the standard care cohort. All the baseline characteristics of relevance and details of hospital admission were collected. The following outcomes in relation to remdesivir administration were assessed: all-cause mortality until discharge – stratified as per baseline oxygen support, age, gender and comorbidities; proportion of severe and non-severe patients progressing to mechanical ventilation later on; and time to clinical recovery in survivors. Results: There was a statistically significant association of higher mortality with the administration of remdesivir (odds ratio, OR 2.3, p-value 0.008) with a Cox regression hazard ratio of 1.590 (CI 0.944–2.679). The trend towards poorer outcomes in the remdesivir cohort persisted even after sub-stratification for age, gender, baseline severity (oxygen need) and comorbidities but failed to reach statistical significance in most of the strata. Similarly, remdesivir administration was associated with higher rates of progression to mechanical ventilation amongst those severe and non-severe patients who were not on mechanical ventilation at admission (49 % versus 15 %, p-value < 0.001, OR 5.2). This association was significant overall as well as for severe category patients when assessed separately (56% versus 26 %, p-value 0.04, OR 3.1). There was, however, no difference in the days taken for clinical recovery between the two groups (13.23 days versus 12.8 days, p-value 0.77). Conclusion: Remdesivir administration was associated with overall worse clinical outcomes. This study contradicts the benefits shown with remdesivir in previous clinical trials done in controlled settings and highlights the challenges that newer therapies face in real life hospital settings. There is a need to include diverse ethnic groups in the future clinical trials of the drug if to be used.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81483103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphetamine Stimulates Protein Kinase and Calcium Influx to Increase Corticosterone and Aldosterone Secretion from Male Rat Adrenal Cells","authors":"Ling-ling Chang, W. Wun, C. Jian, Paulus S. Wang","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2021.9.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2021.9.16","url":null,"abstract":"Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant. Clinical trials have demonstrated that in healthy adults, low (therapeutic) doses of amphetamine can improve i.e., cognition, memory, attention behavior. An amphetamine overdose can affect cardiovascular, central nervous system, musculoskeletal, respiratory, urinary, or sexual function. Furthermore, amphetamine can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to increase glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids released from adrenal. The object of this research was to find out the effect of amphetamine in vivo and in vitro on the production of corticosterone and aldosterone by Zona Fasciculata-Reticularis (ZFR) cells and Zona Glomerulosa (ZG) cells from male rats. For the in vivo study, the rats were given intraperitoneal injections of saline (1 ml/kg/day, group 1), amphetamine (1 mg/ml/kg/day, group 2), or amphetamine (5 mg/ml/kg/day, group 3) for 7 days and then the ZFR or ZG cells from the sacrificed rats were incubated with other drugs. For the in vitro study, the adrenal cells of ZFR or ZG from untreated rats were incubated with amphetamine combined with other drugs. The corticosterone and aldosterone concentrations in samples of the medium were measured using radioimmunoassay. This in vitro and in vivo study illustrated that amphetamine can increase corticosterone secretion by ZFR cells and aldosterone secretion by ZG cells from male rats.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"4 1","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80313490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Different Clinical Specimens: Survey Article","authors":"Hosniyeh Ladadweh, Hiba H Falana, Jannat M. Ma’ali, Pinar A. Aweis, Hanan N. Nofal, Hani A. Naseef","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2021.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2021.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A.) is a gram-negative, aerobic rod bacterium that mainly grows in soil and watery environments, infrequently being a part of microflora in healthy individuals. Since P.A. favors the growth in moistened areas, it can colonize in any simple aqueous solution, which in turn raises the risk of contamination and infection in hospital settings. The emergence of drug resistant bacterial species has become increasingly prevalent in many health care facilities worldwide. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of these pathogens that had developed resistance to many of the previously effective antibiotics. Hence, it is highly valued to know the resistance pattern of P.A. in every health care facility. That in turn would facilitate more accurate and effective empirical regimens selection when dealing with life threatening infections. The purpose of this study is to review antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa from different clinical specimens based on several studies made in different countries and to discuss the distribution of P. aeruginosa infection and antibiotic resistance according to the gender of the patients and the type of specimen. ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google scholar were used during search to find published articles in English language. 15 articles from different countries about antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa were used in this article. Studies done between 2010 and 2020 were chosen. In this study Aminoglycosides (Amikacin), Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Polymyxins (Polymyxin-B and Colistin) were found to be the most effective drugs against P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, the highest resistance rate was against Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone, Ampicillin, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Aztreonam. Carbapenems (Meropenem and Imipenem) showed inconsistent results as they were found to be the most effective against P. aeruginosa in some places, while in others; they had the highest resistance rate.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86650171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Bromocriptine and Nano-Bromocriptine on Egg Quality Parameters of Late Laying Hens","authors":"A. Dawod, Noha Osman, Hanim S Heikal, H. Mahboub","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2021.17.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2021.17.24","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Ahmed Dawod Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt Email: adawod280@gmail.com Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the effect of bromocriptine and nano-bromocriptine on external and internal egg qualities of late laying hens. A total of 150 Novo-gene brown strain hens of 70 weeks of age were selected from a commercial laying farm. The birds were divided randomly into three groups, with 50 birds in each. The first group was given saline and kept as control, while the second and third groups were given bromocriptine (2-bromoalpha-ergocriptine) and nano-bromocriptine, respectively. Each group was separated into two subgroups of equal number, the first receiving the treatment orally and the second receiving the treatment via subcutaneous injections at a dose of 100 microg/kg body weight/ week. During experimentation, five eggs were taken every 4 weeks from each subgroup to determine the internal and the external egg qualities. Results revealed that Administration of either bromocriptine or nano-bromocriptine increased significantly the egg weight, egg length, yolk height, yolk weight, yolk width and thick albumin height. The findings conclude that bromocriptine and nano-bromocriptine treatment could be used for the late laying hens to improve the internal and external qualities of eggs.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80433868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galactomannan Restore Letrozole Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) in Rat Model","authors":"M. Aswar, Utkarsha V. Deshpande, Urmila Aswar","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2021.25.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2021.25.32","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Manoj K. Aswar Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune Email: aswar.manoj@gmail.com Abstract: Current research aims towards evaluation of the effect of Galactomannan (GM) on letrozole-induced PCOS in adult female Wistar rats. Seven randomized groups of six female rats were made. The rats in all groups were administered with letrozole (1 mg/kg p.o.) for 21 days to induce PCOS. Rats in respective groups were treated with vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.), clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg, p.o.), galactomannan (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and clomiphene citrate + galactomannan (1+20 mg/kg, p.o.) from day 22 to 36. On the last day of treatment i.e., 37 day of the study, blood was withdrawn, serum was separated and was used to assess hormonal and lipid profile. The rats were sacrificed in the late diestrus stage, ovaries were isolated and used for histopathological studies. Cysts in the ovaries of rats in control group was clearly seen after giving letrozole. Treatment either with Galactomannan or clomiphene citrate, significantly decreased blood sugar level, lipid profile, LH and testosterone whereas increased concentration of FSH and AMH was observed at the end of study. Reduced number of ovarian cysts as well as decreased body weight and ovary weight was documented for the possible protective role of galactomannan in PCOS. On the basis of results, galactomannan exerts protective effect in PCOS and could be given as adjuvant treatment with the available pharmacotherapy for the management of PCOS in women.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82267032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Assessment of Indigenous Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7 Using Sprague Dawley Rats as a Model","authors":"A. Y. Ikhsani, E. Riftyan, R. Safitri, Y. Marsono, T. Utami, J. Widada, E. Rahayu","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2020.7.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2020.7.16","url":null,"abstract":"Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7 is a probiotic candidate isolated from gatot, traditional fermented cassava from Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate safety aspects of high dose consumption of L. plantarum Mut-7 (1011 CFU/ml/day) on Sprague Dawley rats for 21 days. Twenty four female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; initial condition group (P.0), control group (P.1), skim milk group (P.2) and probiotics group (P.3). All groups followed adaptation phase of 7 days, followed by treatment phase of 21 days for P.1, P.2 and P.3. The results showed that supplementation of high dose of L. plantarum Mut-7 did not have detrimental effects on general health, organ weight, hematology and histology parameters of treated rats. Feed intake and body weight showed no significant difference between groups. L. plantarum Mut-7 can survive in gastrointestinal tract of rats, resulting in an increased population of L. plantarum in the fecal matter and the digesta of treated rats. Bacterial translocation of L. plantarum Mut-7 was not detected in the blood and organ of treated rats as confirmed by rep-PCR with BOXAIR primer and further 16S RNA gene sequencing analysis. Twenty-six isolates from blood and organs of treated rats had low-level similarity (<75%) to that of L. plantarum Mut-7, with 10 isolates were further analyzed and found that none of them belong to L. plantarum. Although this study was limited to the use of animal study, the findings are useful to support the safety assessment of the use of L. plantarum Mut-7 as a probiotic according to the abovementioned parameters.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"96 1","pages":"7-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74154797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}