{"title":"No-go guide for the Hubble tension: Late-time or local-scale new physics","authors":"Lu Huang, Shao-Jiang Wang, Wang-Wei Yu","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2528-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2528-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The standard model of modern cosmology might be cracked by the recent persistent hot debate on the Hubble-constant (<i>H</i><sub>0</sub>) tension, which manifests itself as the sound-horizon (<i>r</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>) tension or absolute-magnitude (<i>M</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>) tension if deeming the origin of the Hubble tension from modifying the early or late Universe, respectively. In this study, we achieve a fully model-independent constraint (fitting a model-independent global parameterization to a model-independent inverse distant ladder with a model-independent high-redshift calibration) on late-time models with strong evidence against homogeneous new physics over the Λ-cold-dark-matter (ΛCDM) model. Further using this model-independent constraint to calibrate sufficiently local supernovae with corresponding late-time models extrapolated below the homogeneity scale, we find surprisingly that, although both <i>H</i><sub>0</sub> tension and <i>M</i><sub><i>B</i></sub> tension are absent in our local Universe, a combination of <i>H</i><sub>0</sub> and <i>M</i><sub><i>B</i></sub> as the intercept <i>a</i><sub><i>B</i></sub> of the magnitude-redshift relation exhibits 3 ∼ 7<i>σ</i> tension even for the ΛCDM model. This <i>a</i><sub><i>B</i></sub> tension seems to call for local-scale inhomogeneous new physics disguised as local observational systematics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine learning for online control of particle accelerators","authors":"Xiaolong Chen, Zhijun Wang, Yuan He, Hong Zhao, Chunguang Su, Shuhui Liu, Weilong Chen, Xiaoying Zhao, Xin Qi, Kunxiang Sun, Chao Jin, Yimeng Chu, Hongwei Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2492-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2492-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particle accelerators play a critical role in modern scientific research. However, existing manual beam control methods heavily rely on experienced operators, leading to significant time consumption and potential challenges in managing next-generation accelerators characterized by higher beam current and stronger nonlinear properties. In this paper, we establish a dynamical foundation for designing the online adaptive controller of accelerators using machine learning. This provides a guarantee for dynamic controllability for a class of scientific instruments whose dynamics are described by spatial-temporal equations of motion but only part variables along the instruments under steady states are available. The necessity of using historical time series of beam diagnostic data is emphasised. Key strategies involve also employing a well-established virtual beamline of accelerators, by which various beam calibration scenarios that actual accelerators may encounter are produced. Then the reinforcement learning algorithm is adopted to train the controller with the interaction to the virtual beamline. Finally, the controller is seamlessly transitioned to real ion accelerators, enabling efficient online adaptive control and maintenance. Notably, the controller demonstrates significant robustness, effectively managing beams with diverse charge mass ratios without requiring retraining. Such a controller allows us to achieve the global control within the entire superconducting section of the China Accelerator Facility for Superheavy Elements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142596009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reducing the measurement errors in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers","authors":"Guo-Fu Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2515-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2515-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers serve as the physical platform for nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation. As quantum computation has entered the noisy intermediate-scale era, building accurate intermediate-scale nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers is clearly necessary. Given that measurements are the sole means of extracting information, they play an indispensable role in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers. Accordingly, developing methods to reduce measurement errors in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers is of great importance. However, while much attention has been given to the research on nonadiabatic holonomic gates, the research on reducing measurement errors in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers is severely lacking. In this study, we propose a measurement error reduction method tailored for intermediate-scale nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers. The reason we say this is because our method can not only reduce the measurement errors in the computer but also be useful in mitigating errors originating from nonadiabatic holonomic gates. Given these features, our method significantly advances the construction of accurate intermediate-scale nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Silk damping in scalar-induced gravitational waves: a novel probe for new physics","authors":"Yan-Heng Yu, Sai Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2499-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2499-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silk damping is well known in the study of cosmic microwave background (CMB) and accounts for suppression of the angular power spectrum of CMB on large angular multipoles. In this article, we study the effect of Silk damping on the scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs). Resulting from the dissipation of cosmic fluid, the Silk damping notably suppresses the energy-density spectrum of SIGWs on scales comparable to a diffusion scale at the decoupling time of weakly-interacting particles. The effect offers a novel observable for probing the underlying particle interaction, especially for those mediated by heavy gauge bosons beyond the standard model of particles. We anticipate that pulsar timing arrays are sensitive to gauge bosons with mass ∼ 10<sup>3</sup>–10<sup>4</sup> GeV, while space- and ground-based interferometers to those with mass ∼ 10<sup>7</sup>–10<sup>12</sup> GeV, leading to essential complements to on-going and future experiments of high-energy physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A quantum-search-based multi-classifier for image recognition","authors":"Lu Liu, Xingyu Wu, Lufan Zhang, Chuan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2488-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2488-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The multi-class classification of images is a pivotal challenge within the realm of image processing. As the volume of visual data continues to expand, there is a burgeoning interest in harnessing the unique capabilities of quantum computation to augment the efficiency of classification tasks. However, many existing methods for training quantum image multi-classifiers parallel classical machine learning techniques, where the requisite circuit measurements increase linearly with the volume of training data. This work introduces a novel approach for training a quantum image multi-classifier based on the quantum search algorithm. We have meticulously conducted rigorous experiments on a handwritten digit dataset, a classic benchmark in the field. The results have been meticulously compared with previous works, and the comparative analysis not only validates the efficiency of our proposed approach, requiring only <i>O</i>(<i>N</i>/<i>b</i>) measurements during training, but also highlights a significant quadratic speedup of the algorithm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stress anisotropy regulated wrinkling pattern evolution on a core-shell soft cylinder","authors":"Yan Zhao, Zhipan Jie, Yilong Zhang, Guo-Yang Li, Yanping Cao, Chao Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2517-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2517-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diverse wrinkling patterns can occur on curved bilayer systems under differential growth or expansion. In such systems, stress anisotropy is frequently encountered, and the coupling effect of curvature and stress anisotropy on the pattern evolution remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the evolution of wrinkling patterns on a cylinder core-shell system with stress anisotropy leveraging both theoretical analysis and finite element simulations. Critical buckling analysis has identified three distinct critical buckling modes regulated by the stress anisotropy, i.e., axial sinusoidal mode, checkerboard mode, and circumferential sinusoidal mode. Our finite element simulations, along with post-buckling analysis, reveal seven distinct evolutionary paths stemming from the three critical buckling modes. We present phase diagrams for both the critical buckling modes and their evolutionary paths, which are determined by dimensionless curvature and stress anisotropy. Our results not only expand the theoretical research on surface wrinkling of a core-shell soft cylinder but also introduce stress anisotropy as a significant parameter for regulating the wrinkling patterns and their evolutionary paths in curved bilayer systems. The revelation of a multitude of wrinkling patterns and their evolutionary pathways holds great potential for advancing applications that leverage tunable wrinkle surfaces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decision making module based on stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions","authors":"Yifan Miao, Li Zhao, Yajun Zhang, Zhe Yuan","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2486-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2486-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In biological neural systems, noise is ubiquitous but does not affect the correct decisions made in the complex cognitive tasks. Decision-making in biological neural system is typically achieved by accumulating input information over a period of time. Inspired by recent developments in neurosciences, we design a decision-making module based on spintronic devices, utilizing superparamagnetic tunnel junctions as artificial neurons. The feasibility of this decision-making module is verified through circuit simulations. Taking a multi-layer perceptron as an example, the module significantly improves the accuracy of the perceptron in the handwritten digit recognition task. Furthermore, the spintronic decision-making module offers advantages over the conventional pooling methods, such as adaptive decision time, high performance and the absence of analog-to-digital conversion. The decision-making module is flexible to be integrated into artificial neural networks and provides a general yet effective solution to enhance performance against device noise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Local-contrastive-learning machine with both generalization and adversarial robustness: A statistical physics analysis","authors":"Mingshan Xie, Yuchen Wang, Haiping Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2504-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2504-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Distinct from human cognitive processing, deep neural networks trained by backpropagation can be easily fooled by adversarial examples. To design a semantically meaningful representation learning, we discard backpropagation, and instead, propose a local contrastive learning, where the representations for the inputs bearing the same label shrink (akin to boson) in hidden layers, while those of different labels repel (akin to fermion). This layer-wise learning is local in nature, being biologically plausible. A statistical mechanics analysis shows that the target fermion-pair-distance is a key parameter. Moreover, the application of this local contrastive learning to MNIST benchmark dataset demonstrates that the adversarial vulnerability of standard perceptron can be greatly mitigated by tuning the target distance, i.e., controlling the geometric separation of prototype manifolds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale","authors":"Wenda Zhang, Weimin Yuan, Zhixing Ling, Yong Chen, Nanda Rea, Arne Rau, Zhiming Cai, Huaqing Cheng, Francesco Coti Zelati, Lixin Dai, Jingwei Hu, Shumei Jia, Chichuan Jin, Dongyue Li, Paul O’Brien, Rongfeng Shen, Xinwen Shu, Shengli Sun, Xiaojin Sun, Xiaofeng Wang, Lei Yang, Bing Zhang, Chen Zhang, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Yonghe Zhang, Jie An, David Buckley, Alexis Coleiro, Bertrand Cordier, Liming Dou, Rob Eyles-Ferris, Zhou Fan, Hua Feng, Shaoyu Fu, Johan P. U. Fynbo, Lluis Galbany, Saurabh W. Jha, Shuaiqing Jiang, Albert Kong, Erik Kuulkers, Weihua Lei, Wenxiong Li, Bifang Liu, Mingjun Liu, Xing Liu, Yuan Liu, Zhu Liu, Chandreyee Maitra, Alessio Marino, Itumeleng Monageng, Kirpal Nandra, Jeremy Sanders, Roberto Soria, Lian Tao, Junfeng Wang, Song Wang, Tinggui Wang, Zhongxiang Wang, Qingwen Wu, Xuefeng Wu, Dong Xu, Yanjun Xu, Suijian Xue, Yongquan Xue, Zijian Zhang, Zipei Zhu, Hu Zou, Congying Bao, Fansheng Chen, Houlei Chen, Tianxiang Chen, Wei Chen, Yehai Chen, Yifan Chen, Chenzhou Cui, Weiwei Cui, Yanfeng Dai, Dongwei Fan, Ju Guan, Dawei Han, Dongjie Hou, Haibo Hu, Maohai Huang, Jia Huo, Zhenqing Jia, Bowen Jiang, Ge Jin, Chengkui Li, Junfei Li, Longhui Li, Maoshun Li, Wei Li, Zhengda Li, Tianying Lian, Congzhan Liu, Heyang Liu, Huaqiu Liu, Fangjun Lu, Laidan Luo, Jia Ma, Xuan Mao, Haiwu Pan, Xin Pan, Liming Song, Hui Sun, Yunyin Tan, Qingjun Tang, Yihan Tao, Hao Wang, Juan Wang, Lei Wang, Wenxin Wang, Yilong Wang, Yusa Wang, Qinyu Wu, Haitao Xu, Jingjing Xu, Xinpeng Xu, Yunfei Xu, Zhao Xu, Changbin Xue, Yulong Xue, Ailiang Yan, Haonan Yang, Xiongtao Yang, Yanji Yang, Juan Zhang, Mo Zhang, Wenjie Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Ziliang Zhang, Donghua Zhao, Haisheng Zhao, Xiaofan Zhao, Zijian Zhao, Hongyan Zhou, Yilin Zhou, Yuxuan Zhu, Zhencai Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2524-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11433-024-2524-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient, EP240408a, by <i>Einstein Probe (EP)</i> and follow-up studies made with <i>EP</i>, <i>Swift</i>, <i>NICER</i>, GROND, ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength telescopes. The new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope (WXT) on board EP on April 8th, 2024, manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for 12 s. The flare reached a peak flux of 3.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> erg cm<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> in 0.5–4 keV, ∼300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the observation. Rapid and more precise follow-up observations by <i>EP</i>/FXT, <i>Swift</i> and <i>NICER</i> confirmed the finding of this new transient. Its X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5–10 keV, with apower-law photon index varying within 1.8–2.5. The X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ∼4 d, followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ∼10 d after the initial detection. Based on its temporal property and constraints from previous <i>EP</i> observations, an unusual timescale in the range of 7–23 d is found for EP240408a, which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term transients. No counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared, with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection, suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these bands. We demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far, by comparison with, in particular, jetted tidal disruption events, gamma-ray bursts, X-ray binaries and fast blue optical transients. The nature of EP240408a thus remains an enigma. We suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of ∼10 d. The detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}