Theoretical medicine最新文献

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Normative and prescriptive criteria: the efficacy of organ transplantation allocation protocols. 规范和规定性标准:器官移植分配方案的有效性。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1996-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00489742
T Koch
{"title":"Normative and prescriptive criteria: the efficacy of organ transplantation allocation protocols.","authors":"T Koch","doi":"10.1007/BF00489742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00489742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Normative criteria adopted to assure just, equitable, and efficient allocation of donor organs to potential recipients has been widely praised as a model for the allocation of scarce medical resources. Because the organ transplantation program relies upon voluntary participation by potential donors, all such programs necessarily rely upon public confidence in allocation decision making protocols. Several well publicized cases have raised questions in North America about the efficacy of allocation procedures. An analysis of those cases, and the relevant technical literature, suggest consistent structural deficits exist in the organ allocation process as it is applied by many individual transplantation centres. These irregularities are based upon both the failure of rank waiting as a method to guarantee just treatment and a general failure to recognize the extent to which prescriptive criteria--social values--are commonly used to screen potential organ transplant candidates. Resulting idiosyncratic determinations, and a devaluation of rank waiting as a criterion, raise fundamental questions regarding justice, fairness, and equability in the application procedure at large. To correct these structural problems in organ allocation procedures, a multicriterion model defining prescriptive criteria through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"75-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00489742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19953123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Introduction: Organ transplantation — Defining the boundaries of personhood, equity and community 简介:器官移植-界定人格、公平和社区的界限
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1996-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00489736
P. Marshall
{"title":"Introduction: Organ transplantation — Defining the boundaries of personhood, equity and community","authors":"P. Marshall","doi":"10.1007/BF00489736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00489736","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"77 1","pages":"v-viii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00489736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51142638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Introduction: Adolescent medicine 简介:青少年医学
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00995478
M. Sheldon
{"title":"Introduction: Adolescent medicine","authors":"M. Sheldon","doi":"10.1007/BF00995478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995478","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":"321-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00995478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51466169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Genetic research, adolescents, and informed consent. 基因研究,青少年和知情同意。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00995481
R F Weir, J R Horton
{"title":"Genetic research, adolescents, and informed consent.","authors":"R F Weir,&nbsp;J R Horton","doi":"10.1007/BF00995481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The participation of adolescents in genetic research engenders unusual problems concerning the nature of their informed consent. In this study we analyze 70 consent documents collected from genetics investigators in the United States who conduct research with children and adolescents. We find that many consent documents do not reflect either the current or the developing ethical and legal standards for research with adolescents and that in many cases the documents are simply confusing or unclear. We make recommendations for change to reflect more adequately the changing perspective concerning the autonomous decision-making capacity of adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"347-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00995481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19788906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Reflections on segregating and assessing areas of competence. 关于区分和评估能力领域的思考。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00995482
D Checkland, M Silberfeld
{"title":"Reflections on segregating and assessing areas of competence.","authors":"D Checkland,&nbsp;M Silberfeld","doi":"10.1007/BF00995482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various complexities that arise in the application of legal and/or clinical criteria to the actual assessment of competence/capacity are discussed, and a particular way of understanding the nature of such criteria is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"375-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00995482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19789025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
The elusive goal of informed consent by adolescents. 青少年知情同意这一难以实现的目标。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00995479
S E Zinner
{"title":"The elusive goal of informed consent by adolescents.","authors":"S E Zinner","doi":"10.1007/BF00995479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While parents have traditionally provided proxy consent for minors to participate in research, this has proven inadequate for adolescents who are mentally and emotionally capable of making their own decisions. Research has proven that even young children, and certainly most adolescents, are developmentally prepared to make such decisions for themselves. The author challenges the assumption that both consent and assent are static concepts, and proposes that a sliding scale of competence be created to ascertain the adolescent's comprehension of the proposed research by shifting the burden of proof to those who believe a particular adolescent is unable to provide informed consent.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"323-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00995479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19789023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Adolescent decision-making: giving weight to age-specific values. 青少年决策:赋予年龄特定价值的权重。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00995480
R E Ladd, E N Forman
{"title":"Adolescent decision-making: giving weight to age-specific values.","authors":"R E Ladd,&nbsp;E N Forman","doi":"10.1007/BF00995480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adults who give proxy consent for medical treatment for adolescents must decide how much weight to give to adolescents' own preferences. There is evidence that some adolescents choose treatments different from what adults see as most reasonable. It is argued that adolescents choose according to age-specific values, i.e. values they hold, as adolescents, and which fulfil important developmental needs. Because not fulfilling these needs may do serious psychological damage, it is urged that proxies give weight to these values, up to the limit where it would endanger or profoundly limit future life.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 4","pages":"333-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00995480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19789024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Moral growth in medical students. 医学生的道德成长。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00998145
J A Knight
{"title":"Moral growth in medical students.","authors":"J A Knight","doi":"10.1007/BF00998145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00998145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although students bring to medical school a fairly well established value system, the potential for moral growth through the medical school environment and experience is substantial. The educational environment poses a succession of developmental and adaptive tasks to be accomplished. Several of these tasks are discussed her, tasks that are value-laden and involve, directly or indirectly, the interplay of ethical theory and practice. During the past quarter century, the two influences that have had the greatest impact on the moral growth and moral reasoning capacity of medical students have been the incorporation into the medical school curriculum of courses in medical humanities and the admission to medical school of an increasing number of female students. The female students have brought to medical school a level or dimension of moral reasoning (morality as care or responsibility for others) to augment the male students' focus on rights and justice considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 3","pages":"265-80; discussion 281-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00998145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19513743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Empirical and normative aspects of medical technology assessment. The case of reduced-size liver transplantations with living donors. 医学技术评估的经验和规范方面。活体供体小尺寸肝移植病例。
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00998147
G J Van der Wilt
{"title":"Empirical and normative aspects of medical technology assessment. The case of reduced-size liver transplantations with living donors.","authors":"G J Van der Wilt","doi":"10.1007/BF00998147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00998147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical technology assessment deals with the evaluation of novel or existing health care procedures. This paper addresses the interdependence between factual and normative issues, using the controversies about acceptability and desirability of reduced-size liver transplantations with living donors as example.</p>","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 3","pages":"291-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00998147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19513744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Commentary: Moral growth in medical students 评论:医学生的道德成长
Theoretical medicine Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/BF00998146
H. Brody, H. A. Squier, J. Foglio
{"title":"Commentary: Moral growth in medical students","authors":"H. Brody, H. A. Squier, J. Foglio","doi":"10.1007/BF00998146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00998146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77444,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":"281-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF00998146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51485051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
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