AIMS Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Striking a balance in sports: the interrelation between children's sports experience, body size, and posture.","authors":"Piali Bhati,&nbsp;Theodore C K Cheung,&nbsp;Gobika Sithamparanathan,&nbsp;Mark A Schmuckler","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the relation between sports participation, body size, and postural control in children between 3 and 11 years of age. To explore this question, children's body sway was measured across multisensory conditions manipulating visual input (the presence versus absence of visual information) and proprioceptive input (varying stance widths), with postural sway in these conditions then related to reports of children's sports participation, and anthropometric measures. Corroborating well-known findings, postural sway was systematically influenced by multisensory factors, with the removal of visual information and narrower stance widths decreasing postural stability. Of more novelty, postural sway in the most stable stance, but without vision, was significantly predicted by measures of sports participation and body size variables, with these factors contributing independently to this prediction. Moreover, the impact on postural sway of having visual input, relative to removing visual input in unstable stances, was significantly predicted by sports participation in activities stressing changing stances and bases of support (e.g., dance, martial arts). Generally, these findings support multisensory and dynamic systems theories of perceptual-motor behavior, and also support sports specificity effects in assessments of the relation between posture and sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"288-302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40525519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of behavioural problems in preschool and school going children with epilepsy.","authors":"Harshitha Shanmuganathan,&nbsp;Radha Kumar,&nbsp;D V Lal,&nbsp;Chaudhary Devanand Gulab,&nbsp;E Gayathri,&nbsp;Kesavaraj Pallavi Raja","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Children with epilepsy are at greater risk of developing psychiatric and behavioural disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as affective and aggressive disorders than normal children which may affect the well- being and quality of life of the child.</p><p><strong>Aim and objectives: </strong>This study aims at identifying behavioural problems in children with epilepsy enabling early diagnosis and intervention. The objectives were to assess the presence and type of behavioural problems in children with epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on children who were diagnosed as epilepsy in two age groups of 1.5-5 years and 6-18 years recruited by non-probability convenience sampling. Data regarding seizure semiology, clinical features and treatment were obtained. Children underwent IQ assessment, electroencephalogram and brain neuroimaging. Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) was administered to parents or primary caregivers after obtaining informed consent. Results were analyzed for presence of behavioural problems using SPSS-23.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the study, out of 50 study subjects, 72% were between 6-18 years. 60% children had generalised seizures, 58% children had epilepsy for <2 years and abnormal EEG was present in 80% children. 6% children had behavioural problems and 4% had borderline presentations. Co-relation of behavioural problems with age was statistically significant with p value 0.027. Behavioural problems identified were aggressiveness and anxiety.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Childhood epilepsy is associated with behavioural problems along with other co-morbidities warranting a search during follow-up visits.</p><p><strong>Take-home message: </strong>Early identification and treatment of behavioural problems in children with epilepsy by periodic assessment during follow up visits, careful selection of combination of drugs and appropriate dose can improve the overall outcome in children taking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"277-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40526185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeated restraint stress induced neurobehavioral and sexual hormone disorders in male rats.","authors":"Ahlem Matallah,&nbsp;Rabie Guezi,&nbsp;Abdelmadjid Bairi","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies have demonstrated that depression include disruptions not only for mental human disorders but also their healthy living. Rodent-based behavioral tests and models are widely used to understand the mechanisms by which stress triggers anxiety-related behaviors. This present study examined the evidence of a chronic restraint stress (CRS) paradigm in male Wistar rats for the progressive nature of depression alongside with related changes in behavior and functions. The body weight was determined, and the behavior tests, including sucrose preference and the open field test were performed. Theses parameters confirme the presence of anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors beside that we will focus on the response of ACTH and testosterone concentrations in rats. The results obtained during the experiment show that CRS led to decrease the time spent in the field center, a decrease of total distance travelled, in the stressed group compared with the control group. A significant increased of ACTH levels and decreased in testosterone hormone levels in the CRS. According to these results the CRS rodent model has value to validating the development for depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"264-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40526186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topological changes of brain network during mindfulness meditation: an exploratory source level magnetoencephalographic study.","authors":"Anna Lardone,&nbsp;Marianna Liparoti,&nbsp;Pierpaolo Sorrentino,&nbsp;Roberta Minino,&nbsp;Arianna Polverino,&nbsp;Emahnuel Troisi Lopez,&nbsp;Simona Bonavita,&nbsp;Fabio Lucidi,&nbsp;Giuseppe Sorrentino,&nbsp;Laura Mandolesi","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have previously evidenced that Mindfulness Meditation (MM) in experienced meditators (EMs) is associated with long-lasting topological changes in resting state condition. However, what occurs during the meditative phase is still debated. Utilizing magnetoencephalography (MEG), the present study is aimed at comparing the topological features of the brain network in a group of EMs (n = 26) during the meditative phase with those of individuals who had no previous experience of any type of meditation (NM group, n = 29). A wide range of topological changes in the EM group as compared to the NM group has been shown. Specifically, in EMs, we have observed increased betweenness centrality in delta, alpha, and beta bands in both cortical (left medial orbital cortex, left postcentral area, and right visual primary cortex) and subcortical (left caudate nucleus and thalamus) areas. Furthermore, the degree of beta band in parietal and occipital areas of EMs was increased too. Our exploratory study suggests that the MM can change the functional brain network and provides an explanatory hypothesis on the brain circuits characterizing the meditative process.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"250-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40526187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in behavioral, cognitive and voluntary ethanol-intake effects in Dexamethasone-induced depression-like state in Wistar rat.","authors":"Laaziz Abderrahim,&nbsp;El Mostafi Hicham,&nbsp;Elhessni Aboubaker,&nbsp;Azeroil Fatima,&nbsp;Touil Tarik,&nbsp;Boumlah Soufiane,&nbsp;Mesfioui Abdelhalim","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stress response is attached to psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, it is important to comprehend the underlying mechanisms influencing this relationship. Moreover, men and women respond differently to stress-both psychologically and biologically. These differences should be studied to have an enhanced understanding of the gender difference. However, researches shedding light on sex dimorphism implication have historically been insufficient. Based on observations that advocate the inclusion of sex as a biological variable in stress response, the present study was designed to explore sex differences in (i) depressive-like, (ii) anxiety-like behaviors, (iii) cognitive-like performances, and (iv) voluntary ethanol intake (VEI) in Wistar rat submitted to dexamethasone (DEX)-stress simulation. Rats were administered daily with DEX (1.5 mg/kg, s.c., 21 days) or vehicle. Behavior, cognitive, and VEI states of rats were evaluated in the following paradigms: forced swimming test (FST); saccharin preference test (SPT); open field test (OFT); elevated plus-maze test (EPMT); novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT); spatial learning and memory in Morris water maze test (MWMT); VEI in two-bottle choice paradigm. DEX-treated rats showed a set of depression-like behaviors: increased time of immobility; reduced preference for saccharin consumption; increased anxiety-like behavior; cognitive impairments; and enhanced VEI. Sexual dimorphism was recorded in this study. Females were more impaired in FST, SPT, EPMT, NSFT, and VEI. Results demonstrate that DEX-treatment induced a behavioral alterations related to anxiety-depressive-like state with learning and memory impairments; confirm the facilitatory role of glucocorticoids on VEI and reveal sexual dimorphism in stress response.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"228-249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40525520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychomotor development in very and extremely low-birth-weight preterm children: Could it be predicted by early motor milestones and perinatal complications?","authors":"Cristina Fernandez-Baizan,&nbsp;Leticia Alcantara-Canabal,&nbsp;Marta Mendez,&nbsp;Gonzalo Solis","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preterm-born children are at risk of slower psychomotor development. This risk may be associated with low birth weight and other perinatal factors and morbidities. We aimed to assess psychomotor development in school-aged preterm children, and to determine whether some early motor and perinatal variables could be related to and/or predict the later motor achievements. Parents of 54 very low-birth-weight preterm, 24 extremely low-birth-weight preterm and 96 control children completed the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2-C) checklist and were interviewed about the motor milestones of their children. Significant differences were found between the preterm and control groups in the MABC-2-C results. MABC-2-C outcomes were significantly predicted by the age of crawling, the use of steroids, mechanical ventilation and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). The use of screening tools may allow the rapid identification of psychomotor development delays. The presence of some perinatal risk factors and some motor milestone attainments could be related to motor development in the later childhood of preterm children.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"216-227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40526189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encephalomalacia/gliosis, deep venous thrombosis, and cancer in Arg393His antithrombin Hanoi and the potential impact of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) on thrombosis and cancer.","authors":"Khue Vu Nguyen","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A heterozygous Arg393His point mutation at the reactive site of antithrombin (AT) gene causing thrombosis in a Vietnamese patient is reported and named as Arg393His in AT-Hanoi. The present variant is characterized by a severe reduction of functionally active AT plasma concentration to 42% of normal resulting in multiple severe thrombotic events such as cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) (encephalomalacia/gliosis), recurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the development of kidney cancer. Today the complexity of thrombophilia has grown with appreciation that multiple inherited and acquired risk factors may interact to result in a clinically thrombotic phenotype. This article focuses on the following issues: (1) pathophysiology and clinical conditions of Arg393His in AT-Hanoi; (2) \"two way association\" between cancer and thrombosis in which venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be both a presenting sign and a complication of cancer; (3) efficacy of anticoagulants used for the prevention of cancer-related thrombosis; (4) conditions of acquired risk factors such as cancer or genetic disorders via epigenetic modifications in gene-gene (epistasis) and/or gene-environment interactions such as in Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND), in which the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) that may interact to predispose a patient to thrombosis and cancer. It is also necessary to study the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) enzyme, AT, and APP using expression vectors for exploring their impact on LND, thrombosis as well as other human diseases, especially the ones related to APP such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. For such a purpose, the construction of expression vectors for HGprt and APP, with or without the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, was performed as described in Ref. #148 (Nguyen, K. V., Naviaux, R. K., Nyhan, W. L. Lesch-Nyhan disease: I. Construction of expression vectors for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) enzyme and amyloid precursor protein (APP). &lt;i&gt;Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids&lt;/i&gt; 2020, 39: 905-922). In the same manner, the construction of expression vectors for AT and APP can be performed as shown in Figure 6. These expressions vectors, with or without GPI anchor, could be used as tools for (a) studying the effects of Arg393His mutation in AT; (b) studying the emerging role of Arg393His mutation in AT and cancer; (c) studying intermolecular interactions between APP and AT. Furthermore, the construction of expression vectors as described in Ref. #148, especially the one with GPI, can be used as a model for the construction of expression vectors for any protein targeting to the cell plasma membrane for studying intermolecular interactions and could be therefore useful in the vaccines as well as antiviral drugs development (studying intermolecular interactions between the spike glycoprotein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, as well as its variants and t","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"175-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40526188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms.","authors":"Blai Ferrer-Uris,&nbsp;Maria Angeles Ramos,&nbsp;Albert Busquets,&nbsp;Rosa Angulo-Barroso","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022009","DOIUrl":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 2","pages":"150-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9256523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40526190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The RET gene encodes RET protein, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways for enteric neurogenesis, and RET mutation results in Hirschsprung's disease","authors":"C. Bhattarai, P. P. Poudel, A. Ghosh, S. Kalthur","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2022008","url":null,"abstract":"Enteric neurons and ganglia are derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cells, which undergo migration from the neural tube to the gut wall. In the gut wall, they first undergo rostrocaudal migration followed by migration from the superficial to deep layers. After migration, they proliferate and differentiate into the enteric plexus. Expression of the Rearranged During Transfection (RET) gene and its protein RET plays a crucial role in the formation of enteric neurons. This review describes the molecular mechanism by which the RET gene and the RET protein influence the development of enteric neurons. Vagal neural crest cells give rise to enteric neurons and glia of the foregut and midgut while sacral neural crest cells give rise to neurons of the hindgut. Interaction of RET protein with its ligands (glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), and artemin (ARTN)) and its co-receptors (GDNF receptor alpha proteins (GFRα1-4)) activates the Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-PKB/AKT), RAS mitogen-activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) and phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) signaling pathways, which control the survival, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of the vagal and sacral neural crest cells into enteric neurons. Abnormalities of the RET gene result in Hirschsprung's disease.","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":"128 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44718439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epileptic seizures and link to memory processes.","authors":"Ritwik Das, Artur Luczak","doi":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022007","DOIUrl":"10.3934/Neuroscience.2022007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epileptogenesis is a complex and not well understood phenomenon. Here, we explore the hypothesis that epileptogenesis could be \"hijacking\" normal memory processes, and how this hypothesis may provide new directions for epilepsy treatment. First, we review similarities between the hypersynchronous circuits observed in epilepsy and memory consolidation processes involved in strengthening neuronal connections. Next, we describe the kindling model of seizures and its relation to long-term potentiation model of synaptic plasticity. We also examine how the strengthening of epileptic circuits is facilitated during the physiological slow wave sleep, similarly as episodic memories. Furthermore, we present studies showing that specific memories can directly trigger reflex seizures. The neuronal hypersynchrony in early stages of Alzheimer's disease, and the use of anti-epileptic drugs to improve the cognitive symptoms in this disease also suggests a connection between memory systems and epilepsy. Given the commonalities between memory processes and epilepsy, we propose that therapies for memory disorders might provide new avenues for treatment of epileptic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7732,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":"114-127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8941196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49639532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}