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Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)最新文献

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Are bacterial biofilms constrained to Darwin's concept of evolution through natural selection? 细菌生物膜是否受制于达尔文的自然选择进化概念?
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
D E Caldwell, J W Costerton
{"title":"Are bacterial biofilms constrained to Darwin's concept of evolution through natural selection?","authors":"D E Caldwell,&nbsp;J W Costerton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerous antimicrobial agents have been developed which act at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. However, few have been developed which act at the community-level. This results largely from the failure of Darwinian selection theory to envision communities as units of proliferation and evolution. It is thus difficult to conceive of microbial communities as causative agents and to develop antimicrobials which are effective against them. Consequently, we find it necessary to consider a more comprehensive biological paradigm which envisions biofilm communities and other microbial associations (e.g. mixed infections, food spoilage, tooth decay) as units of existence, activity, ecology, proliferation, survival, and evolution. These communities exist in the same sense that organisms exist as units of ecological activity. This is a simpler, more comprehensive, and more unifying theory of ecology. It is simpler in that it no longer requires convoluted explanations of altruistic behavior in terms of individual selection. It is more comprehensive by not constraining evolution to the selection of any single level of biological organization (genes, races, lineages, or groups). It unifies in that it bridges the boundaries between microbial ecology, evolutionary ecology and ecosystem ecology. The basis for this theory lies in recognizing that life consists of various forms of information (order) which evolve not only through genetic recombination and mutation, but also through the recombination of organisms within communities (as well as other mechanisms, some of which are considered beyond the realm of biology). It also involves setting aside the concept of evolution through selection and competition, in favor of evolution through proliferation and association.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"347-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genetic constitution of industrial yeast. 工业酵母的遗传构成。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
T Benítez, P Martínez, A C Codón
{"title":"Genetic constitution of industrial yeast.","authors":"T Benítez,&nbsp;P Martínez,&nbsp;A C Codón","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial yeast strains are highly heterogeneous. These industrial strains, including bakers', wine, brewing and distillers', have been compared with respect to their DNA content, number and size of chromosomes, homologies between their genes and those of laboratory strains, and restriction fragment lengths of their mitDNA. A high variability, and the presence of multigenic families, were observed in some industrial yeast groups. The occurrence or the lack of chromosomal polymorphism, as well as the presence of multiple copies of some genes, could be related to a selective process occurring under specific industrial conditions. This polymorphism is generated by reorganization events, that take place mainly during meiosis and are mediated by repetitive Y' and Ty elements. These elements give rise to ectopic and asymmetric recombination and to gene conversion. The polymorphism displayed by the mitDNA could also result from specific industrial conditions. However, in enological strains the selective process is masked by the mutagenic effect that ethanol exerts on this DNA.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"371-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[The Internet for microbiologists]. [微生物学家的互联网]。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
J M Nieto
{"title":"[The Internet for microbiologists].","authors":"J M Nieto","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"481-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20051347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of methanogenic consortia in fluidized-bed batches using sepiolite of different particle size. 不同粒径海泡石流化床产甲烷联合体的研制。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
J M Sánchez, F Rodríguez, L Valle, M A Muñoz, M A Moriñigo, J J Borrego
{"title":"Development of methanogenic consortia in fluidized-bed batches using sepiolite of different particle size.","authors":"J M Sánchez,&nbsp;F Rodríguez,&nbsp;L Valle,&nbsp;M A Muñoz,&nbsp;M A Moriñigo,&nbsp;J J Borrego","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The addition of support materials, such as sepiolite, to fluidized-bed anaerobic digesters enhances the methane production by increasing the colonization by syntrophic microbiota. However, the efficiency in the methanogenesis depends on the particle size of the support material, the highest level of methane production being obtained by the smaller particle size sepiolite. Because of the porosity and physico-chemical characteristics of these support materials, the anaerobic microbial consortia formed quickly (after one week of incubation). The predominant methanogenic bacteria present in the active granules, detected both by immunofluorescence using specific antibodies and by scanning electron microscopy, were acetoclastic methanogens, mainly Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"425-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of medium composition on lactic acid production from dried whey by Lactobacillus delbrueckii. 培养基组成对德布鲁克氏乳杆菌产乳清乳酸的影响。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
A H el-Sabaeny
{"title":"Influence of medium composition on lactic acid production from dried whey by Lactobacillus delbrueckii.","authors":"A H el-Sabaeny","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The production of lactic acid, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and single cell protein (SCP) from dried whey by fermentation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp, bulgaricus 369 was investigated. A medium consisting of dried whey and supplements which enabled exponential growth of the organism was developed. Maximum lactic acid production was achieved using enriched whey (8% w/v), at pH 5.5 for 24 h. Addition of yeast extract plus MnCl2 gave the highest production of lactic acid (1.71 g/l.h), specific activity of LDH (1.03 U/mg protein) and SCP (32.8%). In batch culture, the addition of 20 g/l glucose plus 0.75 g N/l, as (NH4)2SO4, achieved the highest enzymatic activity. By contrast, when xylose and cellobiose were used as a source of fermentable carbohydrates all variables were repressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"411-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while giving Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes. 的帮助!拉丁!如何避免给新发现的原核生物起拉丁名时最常见的错误。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
H G Trüper
{"title":"Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while giving Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes.","authors":"H G Trüper","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"473-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recombinant Acremonium chrysogenum strains for the industrial production of cephalosporin. 用于工业生产头孢菌素的重组黄顶孢杆菌菌株。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
B Díez, E Mellado, R Fouces, M Rodríguez, J L Barredo
{"title":"Recombinant Acremonium chrysogenum strains for the industrial production of cephalosporin.","authors":"B Díez,&nbsp;E Mellado,&nbsp;R Fouces,&nbsp;M Rodríguez,&nbsp;J L Barredo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional strain improvement programs based on random mutagenesis and rational screening have meant valuable results to the antibiotic producing companies. The development of recombinant DNA techniques and their applications to the industrially-used cephalosporin-producing fungus Acremonium chrysogenum has provided a new tool, complementary to classical mutation, promoting the design of alternative biosynthetic pathways making it possible to obtain new antibiotics and to improve cephalosporin production. Yield increases have been achieved by increasing the dosage of the biosynthetic genes cefEF (deacetoxycephalosporin C expandase/hydroxylase) and cefG (deacetylcephalosporin C acetyltransferase) or enhancing the oxygen uptake by expressing a bacterial oxygen-binding heme protein (Vitreoscilla hemoglobin). New biosynthetic capacities such as the production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) or penicillin G have been achieved through the expression of the foreign genes dao (D-amino acid oxidase) coupled with cephalosporin acylase or penDE(acyl-CoA:6-APA acyltransferase) respectively. Confined manipulation of the above-mentioned recombinant strains must be performed according to standing rules.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"359-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for verotoxin detection in Escherichia coli. 酶免疫法检测大肠杆菌维罗毒素的评价。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
C Frias, M Majò, N Margall, T Llobet, B Mirelis, G Prats
{"title":"Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for verotoxin detection in Escherichia coli.","authors":"C Frias,&nbsp;M Majò,&nbsp;N Margall,&nbsp;T Llobet,&nbsp;B Mirelis,&nbsp;G Prats","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli strains (VTEC) cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. Laboratory diagnosis by conventional methods is slow and cumbersome. The results of a new rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA Premier EHEC) for verotoxin detection both in isolated strains and in clinical samples are presented, and they are compared with cell culture (CC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Fifty-four strains have been analyzed by both EIA and PCR, and 33 by all three methods. The kit has also been evaluated for experimentally infected stool samples directly and after their enrichment on MacConkey broth. Nineteen, out of the 54 strains, were positive by EIA and 20 by PCR. The results of the 33 strains evaluated by the three techniques were coincident with one exception. The latter was uninterpretable by CC, negative by EIA and positive by PCR. The sensitivity of the kit for experimentally infected stool samples was approximately 5 x 10(7) bacteria/ml in the direct test, and 5 x 10(4) bacteria/ml after broth enrichment. EIA sensitivity and specificity were similar to those of CC and PCR. The diagnostic times were 18h for EIA, 3 days for PCR and 5 days for CC. Sensitivity, rapidity and ease of performance make this technique especially valuable for clinical diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"395-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The effect of O-antigen on transformation efficiency in Serratia marcescens. o抗原对粘质沙雷菌转化效率的影响。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
J Palomar, M Viñas
{"title":"The effect of O-antigen on transformation efficiency in Serratia marcescens.","authors":"J Palomar,&nbsp;M Viñas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serratia marcescens is an enterobacterium that exhibits very low efficiency of transformation. According to previous work, neither the bacterium restriction system nor its nuclease production accounts for this low efficiency. Differences in the efficiency of transformation from plasmid DNA were found in wild type of S. marcescens and their O-deficient spontaneous mutant strains. This phenomenon seems to be independent of plasmid size. When electroporation was used, the survival of O-mutants was much lower than those of their parental strains, but the frequencies of transformation among survivors were much higher. This suggests that the presence of the O-antigen is responsible for the low transformation frequencies observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"435-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The ins and outs of scientific writing. 科学写作的来龙去脉。
Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain) Pub Date : 1996-09-01
F Luttikhuizen
{"title":"The ins and outs of scientific writing.","authors":"F Luttikhuizen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77263,"journal":{"name":"Microbiologia (Madrid, Spain)","volume":"12 3","pages":"477-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19862182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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