Agronomy for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Agroecology supports sustainable development in Africa. A review","authors":"Sidney Madsen, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Kintan Kamilia, Maria Fernanda Cevallos, Claire Bazille, Maria Luisa Paracchini, Alexander Wezel","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01038-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01038-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145144751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understand farmers’decision-making in peanut area allocation and management practices in a Sub-Sahelian region","authors":"Sophie Djiba,&nbsp;Cathy Clermont-Dauphin,&nbsp;Adama Tounkara,&nbsp;Hermione Koussihouede,&nbsp;Laurent Cournac,&nbsp;Karamoko Diarra","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01032-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01032-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peanut is a crucial cash crop across numerous West African countries, especially in Senegal, where small-scale family farms frequently rotate it with millet. Despite significant research on yield enhancement, the drivers behind farmers’ choices have been largely ignored. Recognizing that effective agricultural recommendations must be tailored to the specific context of individual farms, this study aimed for the first time, to understand the decision-making of peanut farmers in a typical rainfed region of the central-western Senegalese peanut basin. We surveyed 46 farmers, gathering data on their resources, perceptions, peanut area allocation, and management practices, as well as socio-economic outcomes. High-peanut farmers, with an average of 28% of their cultivated area allocated to peanut, had more resources than low-peanut farmers, which allocated only 3%. The former enhanced their peanut management by employing farm-saved seeds, hiring labor, and utilizing both manure and synthetic fertilizers. Their average peanut unshelled grain yield (625 kg ha⁻¹) was the highest, although largely under the achievable yield. Their return on investment, which included the value of their own consumption, was also the highest (974%). Medium-peanut farmers presented intermediate characteristics. A widespread high level of self-consumption and investment in watermelon as a new cash crop suggested weak market opportunities for peanut. Low-peanut farmers identified lack of equipment and finance as major constraints, while high-peanut farmers cited lack of finance and quality seeds. All categories recognized peanut’s ecological advantages. These results highlight that limited peanut cultivation and unsustainable practices do not stem from farmers lacking technical knowledge or undervaluing peanut advantages but rather from the socio-economic constraints they face. Solutions for high-peanut farmers may not suit or be adopted by low-peanut farmers. Addressing this disparity requires multi-faceted research and innovations targeting both external and internal farm constraints, shifting from mere inputs provision to co-designing innovations directly with farmers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species combination determines whether forage mixtures gain in dry matter yield or crude protein concentration. A meta-analysis","authors":"Hao Liu,&nbsp;Paul C. Struik,&nbsp;Yingjun Zhang,&nbsp;Jingying Jing,&nbsp;Tjeerd-Jan Stomph","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01035-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01035-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cereal/legume intercropping is gaining attention due to its potential contribution to achieving sustainable intensification of forage production. Productivity and quality of cereal/legume fodder mixtures are expected to vary among species combinations. However, for intercropping with different species combinations, the impacts of management practices on productivity and fodder quality have remained largely unexplored. We report a meta-analysis (with 467 data records from 49 publications) to evaluate options for improving forage yield and quality (%crude protein) in cereal/legume fodder mixtures through management (e.g., varying crop density and species combination). Our findings indicate how much forage mixture gains in yield or quality varied among 16 species combinations with ≥ 8 records. The net effect ratio for dry matter yield of barley/vetch (1.18±0.061), maize/cowpea (1.33±0.160), maize/soybean (1.66±0.188), and triticale/pea (1.41±0.139) intercrops was positive (&gt; 1). The net effect ratio for % crude protein of barley/faba bean (0.87±0.025) and triticale/pea (0.85±0.026) intercrops was negative (&lt; 1). In addition, intercropping design (replacement (relative density = 1)/additive (1 &lt; relative density ≤ 2)) influences the size of effects without affecting their direction. Oat/pea intercropping in an additive design had a higher net effect ratio for %crude protein than that with a replacement design. Both maize/cowpea and sorghum/cowpea intercrops with additive designs had positive net effect ratios for dry matter yield, while those with a replacement design had net effect ratios similar to one. Here, we report a quantitative review demonstrating for the first time how yield and quality performance of cereal/legume intercropping for fodder production differs between species combinations and how management practices influence the size of the effect. Our findings support the design of intercropping systems for specific agro-ecological settings and production aims of target animal farming systems, thereby contributing to the forage production literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-025-01035-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of service plants for regulating multiple pests while limiting disservices in agroecosystems. A review","authors":"Delphine Moreau,&nbsp;Elsa Ballini,&nbsp;Marie Chave,&nbsp;Stéphane Cordeau,&nbsp;Caroline Djian-Caporalino,&nbsp;Anne-Violette Lavoir,&nbsp;Frédéric Suffert,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Cortesero","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01031-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01031-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Service plants are primarily used in agroecosystems to provide ecosystem services that are not directly marketable. They are a promising option to promote biological pest regulation. Past studies have demonstrated their usefulness for regulating one pest category (either pathogens/parasites, herbivores or weeds). However, a multi-pest view of the role of service plants, including the potential disservices (negative impacts) that they may generate, is lacking. Such an overview is essential to meet the challenge of agroecology. This paper aims to fill this gap. Here, a trait-based approach was used to provide an overview of the potentialities of service plants, (inserted either in intercropping, in rotation with the crops, or in field edges) for regulating multiple pests, while limiting disservices. For that purpose, we first laid the foundation of a conceptual framework by synthesizing the mechanisms and service plant traits involved in the regulation of each pest category and in the mitigation of each disservice. On this basis, we analyzed (1) the compatibility in the regulation of the different pests by service plants, and (2) the compatibility between multi-pest regulation vs disservice mitigation. Our main conclusions are: (1) Despite knowledge gaps, there is good potential of service plants for multi-pest regulation; (2) The challenge lies at least as much to mitigate disservices that service plants may cause as to promote multi-pest regulation; (3) The level of incompatibility between promoting multi-pest regulation vs mitigating disservices varies with the mode of insertion of service plants, increasing with interactions with crop plants. This review shows how a trait-based approach can be used to synthesize knowledge from different disciplines and provides a tool for cross-disciplinary dialogue. It identifies priority research actions that are needed to increase synergy, genericity and adaptation of service plants to local conditions, and provides foundations for the design of service-plant based agroecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-025-01031-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145161383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yield gaps in soybean: causes and pathways for increasing yield in smallholder farming from Northeast China","authors":"Jiongchao Zhao,&nbsp;Mingyu Zhao,&nbsp;Zhihao Huang,&nbsp;Daniel Rodriguez,&nbsp;Peter de Voil,&nbsp;Qingquan Chu","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01030-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01030-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A relevant pathway to meet future food production targets involves closing existing yield gaps, i.e., the difference between yields in researcher-managed trials and smallholder fields, through the adoption of technology. However, despite the availability of more productive and sustainable technologies, adoption remains low, and yield gaps persist. Understanding why smallholders fail to achieve high yields and how their productivity can be improved is crucial. To answer these issues, the soybean cropping system of Northeast China was selected as a case study. This is the first time that a generalizable framework that integrates crop modelling, long-term experimental data, statistics, and field surveys is proposed to map soybean yield gaps under various spatial scales (commercial farms, county, prefecture, and surveyed smallholders) and explain underlying causes. Pathways to bridge yield gaps are discussed. Compared with yield of researcher-managed experimental plots, soybean yields decreased from the farm to the county and again to the prefecture levels. At farm level, the yield gap was 0.34 t/ha, at county level 1.03 t/ha, and at prefecture level 1.17 t/ha. In the same order, a technical efficiency index decreased from 0.91 to 0.64. Poor agronomic management contributed to 73–86% of yield gap, followed by climate (26–13%) and soil constraints (less than 1%). Survey data showed that ridge planting pattern, the use of single compound fertilizers, and variety selection were the most important manageable variables affecting smallholder soybean yield. Using large-ridge cultivation and a rational application of fertilizers were critical for smallholders to achieve high yields. These findings suggest that bridging yield gaps in smallholder farming in the Northeast China remain a significant opportunity to improve food production. This study provides detailed information for closing yield gaps in smallholder fields. The framework is also applicable in other regions dominated by smallholder agriculture to develop sustainable intensification of production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of permaculture integration into gray and mainstream scientific literature in four languages. A review","authors":"Roberto Carlos Forte Taylor,&nbsp;Osborne Grant Clark,&nbsp;Julien Jean Malard-Adam","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01017-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01017-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Permaculture, often described as a grassroots movement, philosophy, or set of progressive agricultural practices, is considered to have significant potential to revitalize degraded land, improve the robustness of ecosystems, reduce energy consumption, and lower operating costs while effectively sequestering carbon. Despite its growing international popularity and practical benefits, the term <i>permaculture</i> remains notably isolated from mainstream scientific discourse, limiting its broader integration and impact. Literature reviews on this versatile set of agricultural practices are uncommon, and this isolation from established scientific literature significantly hampers the potential of permaculture to influence and transform contemporary agricultural systems toward enhanced sustainability. Addressing this gap, this study compiles the most comprehensive collection of white and gray literature related to permaculture to date, analyzing 975 publications across four languages—English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French—through bibliometric analysis, qualitative content analysis, H-index, and citation counts. The findings reveal that permaculture retains a dynamic presence within academic discussions, being increasingly associated with critical concepts such as design, agriculture, and ecology. Notably, the use of <i>permaculture</i> in peer-reviewed technical publications has surged, particularly in recent study periods, marking a significant shift towards recognizing its value in mainstream scientific literature. This review aims to:</p><ol>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <span>1.</span>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gather white and gray literature related to the term <i>permaculture</i> across four languages.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <span>2.</span>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identify terms most commonly associated with permaculture using computational tools.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <span>3.</span>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Describe the evolution of the term <i>permaculture</i> over time.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <span>4.</span>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Examine whether the term <i>permaculture</i> is predominantly associated with philosophical or scientific perspectives in peer-reviewed literature.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </li>\u0000 <li>\u0000 <span>5.</span>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assess the increasing recognition of permaculture as a topic of interest in English peer-reviewed literature.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </li>\u0000 </ol></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-025-01017-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic minimum tillage systems based on intensification of legume cover cropping: agronomic and phytopathological aspects","authors":"Jörg Peter Baresel,&nbsp;Adnan Šišić,&nbsp;Anji Reddy Pittam,&nbsp;Alborz Saidi,&nbsp;Maria Renate Finckh","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01029-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01029-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Yields in organic farming have been stagnating, widening the gap with conventional systems. Thus, there is the need to reconsider traditional organic crop rotations and adopt innovative strategies that will maximize nutrient supply, weed suppression, and reduce disease risks. Overwintering legume cover crops offer potential solutions, but their role in nutrient cycling, weed management and pathogen dynamics needs to be clarified. In two multi-factorial field trials, we examined organic farming systems using no-till or minimal tillage with a 2-year rotation of winter-hardy legumes as cover crops, maize and a wheat/pea mixture. The risks of soil-borne pathogens and their transmission to subsequent crops were also assessed. The effects of the following factors were investigated: (a) cover crop type: winter vetch and crimson clover, (b) date of cover crop kill, (c) sowing technique: no-till or shallow tillage, and (d) use of cover crop biomass: green manure or mulch vs. harvest. The strong weed suppression of legumes allowed for herbicide-free implementation of minimum tillage and no-tillage systems, while their substantial nitrogen contributions supported the high maize yields. It was also possible to harvest the cover crop biomass before maize sowing instead of using it as mulch or green manure, without significantly affecting maize yields. Infestations with seed and root rot pathogens were generally low, and there was no risk of pathogen accumulation or transfer to subsequent crops. To our knowledge, this is the first systemic assessment of agronomic and phytopathological aspects in a rotation involving winter-hardy legumes, maize and a wheat/pea mixture under differential tillage practices. Taken together, our results demonstrate that, with proper management, legume-intensive rotations can maximize agronomic benefits, minimize phytopathological risks, and enhance productivity and sustainability in both organic and conventional farming, while contributing to a reduction of yield gap between systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-025-01029-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agroecology supports sustainable development in Africa. A review","authors":"Sidney Madsen,&nbsp;Rachel Bezner Kerr,&nbsp;Kintan Kamilia,&nbsp;Maria Fernanda Cevallos,&nbsp;Claire Bazille,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Paracchini,&nbsp;Alexander Wezel","doi":"10.1007/s13593-024-00976-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-024-00976-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In African countries with high levels of food insecurity, food system transitions are key avenues for sustainable development but could also lead to serious trade-offs, depending on factors such as climatic conditions and socio-economic context. Here we review evidence of agroecology’s impact on economic, social, environmental, and food security outcomes in 17 African countries with high food insecurity to assess how agroecology might contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The major findings are as follows: (1) agroecological practices positively affected multiple SDGs across semi-arid, sub-humid and humid agro-climatic zones for 94% of outcomes measured; (2) agroecological practices positively influenced two or more SDGs at the same time in 79% of articles. Crop diversification and agroecosystem diversity, for example, simultaneously lowered production costs (SDG1) and boosted yields (SDG2) through better soil health or agroecosystem resilience to climate events (SDG13/15), while reducing agrochemical pollution (SDG6) and improving biodiversity (SDG15). (3) Trade-offs between SDGs were documented in 14% of papers, and a negative feedback was observed between SDG8 (economic growth) and SDG5 (gender equity), with women disproportionately affected by the labour requirements of agroecological practices. Results from the review suggest that practical implementation of agroecology has the potential to reinforce interdependencies between SDGs, recommending this approach as an integral component of food system transformations for sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-024-00976-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indicators addressing agroecology in grassland-based farming systems. A review","authors":"Elena Benedetti del Rio,&nbsp;Audrey Michaud,&nbsp;Marco Berton,&nbsp;Enrico Sturaro","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01028-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01028-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agroecology is increasingly proposed in literature as a possible solution to mitigate the impact of anthropic agricultural activity on the environment, even though in Europe its potential is still not entirely clear. Many principles of agroecology have been put forward to bridge the gap between theory and real farming practices; however, its practical applicability remains complex. To quantify the potential of agroecology, it is necessary to find effective indicators, especially when assessing the management of grassland-based farming systems. Here, we reviewed the literature to take stock of the indicators used to characterize agroecology in grassland-based farming systems and at farm level, with the aim to evaluate how the different agroecological principles are addressed and to define multidisciplinary indicators to implement in real farming conditions. The two sets of principles used were addressed through a varying number of indicators, ranging from 7 to 33 and 7 to 58 indicators, respectively. The major findings of this review were the following: (i) principles of agroecology are useful to drive an assessment, particularly addressing different levels of analysis and sustainability dimensions; (ii) a single indicator can cover multiple principles and one principle can span multiple dimensions; (iii) economy and biodiversity categories are addressed through a limited number of indicators, while farming practices (including pasture management) and input categories offer multiple possibilities and lack consensus on the indicators used; (iv) animal health and socio-economic aspects are well targeted but underapplied in Europe. In order to assess the level of agroecology of a given grassland-based farming system, we propose indicators to be tested on-farm in order to understand their effectiveness and possible synergies at system level in real farming conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-025-01028-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of success when scaling innovations: insights from European agricultural and forestry co-innovation processes","authors":"María Rivera,&nbsp;Andrew Fieldsend,&nbsp;José Muñoz-Rojas,&nbsp;Susana Martin,&nbsp;Lisa Van Dijk","doi":"10.1007/s13593-025-01025-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13593-025-01025-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agriculture and forestry are facing numerous challenges, driven by a complex set of social, economic, and ecological factors. Innovation is a key to devising viable, resilient, and sustainable solutions to these challenges, but for innovations to have impact, they need to be “scaled.” The current policy context, in the European Union (EU) and elsewhere, encourages the use of the “interactive” model of innovation through the so-called “multi-actor” approach. In this study, we explore the dynamics of scaling in agricultural and forestry co-innovation partnerships. We ask whether such partnerships can be effective instruments to scale innovations and what factors play a role in the scaling process. Thus, the novelty of our paper is that it is the first published study of the dynamics of scaling within the current EU policy framework. Our analysis draws upon evidence from eight co-innovation case studies across Europe, encompassing varied contexts, scales, and funding mechanisms, and identifies three distinct forms of scaling: scaling out, up, and deep. The selection by co-innovation partnerships of strategies and enabling mechanisms in pursuit of scaling is dependent on factors such as funding conditions, contextual norms, and partnership objectives. Partnerships need to be clear about the type of scaling they aim to achieve, have an in-depth understanding of contextual complexities, and ensure that scaling is an integral part of the entire project cycle. Co-innovation partnerships can be effective catalysts for transformative change, provided scaling complexities are navigated, and enabling mechanisms leveraged adeptly. Our insights advance the understanding of scaling dynamics in co-innovation and offer evidence-based strategies for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers to bolster the impact of co-innovation initiatives in agriculture and forestry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7721,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development","volume":"45 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-025-01025-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}