Genetic analysis, techniques and applications最新文献

{"title":"Gene transfer for targeted modification of salmonid fish metabolism","authors":"Aleksei Krasnov,&nbsp;Tiina I Pitkänen,&nbsp;Hannu Mölsä","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00013-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00013-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The reviewed studies addressed the possibility of using gene transfer for correction of <span>l</span>-ascorbic acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate utilization in rainbow trout. Analyses of enzymatic activities in the <span>l</span>-AAB pathway indicated that reasons for the lack of <span>l</span>-AA production can be common in fish and scurvy-prone animals. Rat gulonolactone oxidase cDNA was transferred into trout. Regardless of the fact that rGLO transcription occurred in embryos, neither GLO protein, nor enzyme activity were detected. There was no production of <span>l</span>-AA in transgenic fish raised on vitamin C-free diets or injected with <span>l</span>-gulonolactone. These results indicated that the conditions required for translation or stability of rGLO were not present in trout tissues. To augment carbohydrates utilization, human glucose transporter 1 and rat hexokinase II cDNAs were tested. In the transfected embryos, HK activity, rates of hexose uptake and glucose oxidation were increased. The effect of hGLUT1 on glucose metabolism was greater than that of rHKII. Trout carrying hGLUT1 and rHKII with viral or piscine promoters were created. Though interpretation of the metabolic effects of the transgenes was complicated with mosaicism, a tendency to improved carbohydrate utilization was revealed in some of the transgenic individuals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 115-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00013-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dolly, Polly and other ‘ollys’: likely impact of cloning technology on biomedical uses of livestock","authors":"Alan Colman","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00022-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00022-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The idea of generating transgenic livestock which secrete into their milk large quantities of proteins for therapeutic use, was pioneered in the late 1980s with the disclosure of the production of a number of transgenic sheep. One particular animal, a sheep called Tracy, produced milk where over 50% of the protein consisted of human alpha 1 anti-trypsin. Sheep-derived protein has now entered clinical trials for cystic fibrosis (UK, USA) and congenital emphysema (UK). There are many other examples where this technology is making inroads into more traditional ways of making biopharmaceuticals. However, although robust, this technology has several limitations, including an inability to allow targeted insertion/modification of the animal genome, long timelines to production flocks/herds, and the rather unpredictable expression levels seen when different transgenic founders are compared. We believe that there is now a technical solution to all of these problems. Dolly is a high profile example of a new technology comprising the generation of identical animals from cultured somatic cells. This work has many implications. In the commercial context, the real benefits of this advance will be seen when genetically engineered somatic cells are shown to be suitable nuclear donors, and particularly when the manipulations are targeted to pre-determined sites in the host cell genome. The first objective has now been achieved with the birth of Polly, a cloned sheep which contains the human gene encoding Factor IX, a protein involved in preventing haemophilia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 167-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00022-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing public involvement in enriching our fish stocks through genetic enhancement","authors":"Harlyn O Halvorson ,&nbsp;Fernando Quezada","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00010-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00010-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A total of 70% of the world’s conventional commercial fish species are now fully exploited, overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion. This dramatic crash in the capture world fisheries production has led to problems in foods distribution, balance of payments, employment, and ecological depletion. Public support for breeding programs with terrestrial farm animals and plants in agriculture have revolutionized this industry over the past few hundred years. However, new genetic rearing technologies to improve marine animal production through aquaculture that utilize modern biology to obtain sustainable aquaculture and preserve biodiversity provide a promise to address these problems. However aquaculture has not been subject to public discussion and approval. Public involvement, not necessarily acquiescence, provide value added in the decision making process. Public understanding and involvement involves three stages. (i) Public concern over the pool of genetic information; (ii) if aquaculture is to respond to the fisheries crises with innovation, the knowledge gap between public understanding and scientific information must be bridged; and (iii) strategies must be developed for achieving this. Release of recombinant DNA to the environment, and handling exotic species, are useful case studies. Illustrations will be given of communication bridges to the public and ways to involve the public in making policy decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00010-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of eukaryotic promoters for the construction of DNA vaccines for aquaculture","authors":"Marta Gómez-Chiarri,&nbsp;Laurie A Chiaverini","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00014-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00014-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We evaluated fish promoters as an alternative to viral promoters in the construction of DNA vaccines for aquaculture. A carp β-actin promoter drove expression of the luciferase gene in live fish tissue to levels comparable to the CMVtk promoter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 121-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00014-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the molecular biology of prolactin and its receptor to the lessons learned from knockout mice models","authors":"Vincent Goffin ,&nbsp;Nadine Binart ,&nbsp;Philippe Clément-Lacroix ,&nbsp;Brigitte Bouchard ,&nbsp;Christine Bole-Feysot ,&nbsp;Marc Edery ,&nbsp;Brian K Lucas ,&nbsp;Philippe Touraine ,&nbsp;Alain Pezet ,&nbsp;Ronda Maaskant ,&nbsp;Caroline Pichard ,&nbsp;Christine Helloco ,&nbsp;Nathalie Baran ,&nbsp;Hélène Favre ,&nbsp;Sophie Bernichtein ,&nbsp;Angélique Allamando ,&nbsp;Christopher Ormandy ,&nbsp;Paul A Kelly","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00025-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00025-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prolactin (PRL), a polypeptide hormone secreted mainly by the pituitary and, to a lesser extent, by peripheral tissues, affects more physiological processes than all other pituitary hormones combined since it is involved in&gt;300 separate functions in vertebrates. Its main actions are related to lactation and reproduction. The initial step of PRL action is the binding to a specific membrane receptor, the PRLR, which belongs to the class 1 cytokine receptor superfamily. PRL-binding sites have been identified in a number of tissues and cell types in adult animals. Signal transduction by this receptor is mediated, at least in part, by two families of signaling molecules: Janus tyrosine kinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Disruption of the PRLR gene has provided a new mouse model with which to identify actions directly associated with PRL or any other PRLR ligands, such as placental lactogens. To date, several different phenotypes have been analyzed and are briefly described in this review. Coupled with the SAGE technique, this PRLR knockout model is being used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the expression pattern of hepatic genes in two physiological situations: transcriptomes corresponding to livers from both wild type and PRLR KO mice are being compared, and following statistical analyses, candidate genes presenting a differential profile will be further characterized. Such a new approach will undoubtedly open future avenues of research for PRL targets. To date, no pathology linked to any mutation in the genes encoding PRL or its receptor have been identified. The development of genetic models provides new opportunities to understand how PRL can participate to the development of pathologies throughout life, as for example the initiation and progression of breast cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 189-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00025-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The multi-epitope polypeptide approach in HIV-1 vaccine development","authors":"Carlos A Duarte Cano","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00019-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00019-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The application of a preventive HIV vaccine is the only hope for most developing countries to halt the AIDS pandemic. A project aimed to develop a preventive AIDS vaccine is being carried out since 1992 by three Cuban research institutions: Centro de Ingenierı́a Genética y Biotecnologı́a de La Habana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Pedro Kourı́’ and Laboratorio de Investigaciones de SIDA de La Habana. The project includes two main strategies: (a) generation of recombinant multi-epitope polypeptides (MEPs) bearing several copies of the V3 loop from different HIV-1 isolates; and (b) development of immunogens capable of inducing a cytotoxic T cell response (CTL) specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigens. This article summarizes the work in the first of these strategies. Based on the sequence of the V3 loop of HIV-1 we constructed a series of MEPs and evaluated their immunogenicity in mice, rabbits and macaques. The MEP TAB9, containing six V3 epitopes from isolates LR10, JY1, RF, MN, BRVA and IIIB, was selected together with the oil adjuvant Montanide ISA720 (SEPPIC, France) to perform a Phase I clinical trial in HIV seronegative Cuban volunteers. The trial was double blinded, randomized, and fulfilled all ethical and regulatory requirements. All TAB9 vaccinated volunteers developed a strong immune response and neutralizing antibodies were observed in the 50% of the subjects. However the second and third inoculations of the vaccine were not well tolerated because transient severe local reactions appeared in some individuals. A new formulation of TAB9 is currently in pre-clinical studies and is expected to enter clinical trials in 1999.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 149-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00019-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer of growth hormone (GH) transgenes into Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)","authors":"Tiina I Pitkänen,&nbsp;Aleksei Krasnov,&nbsp;Heli Teerijoki,&nbsp;Hannu Mölsä","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00011-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00011-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Four constructs containing salmonid growth hormone (GH) genes were transferred to Arctic charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus</em> L.). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and piscine metallothionein B (OnMT) and histone 3 (OnH3) promoters connected to sockeye salmon growth hormone 1 gene (OnGH1) were used for ectopic expression, and Atlantic salmon growth hormone 2 gene with 5′flanking region (SsGH2) was tested for pituitary-specific expression. Charr carrying the OnGH1 constructs showed a dramatic increase in growth rate. The 10-month old transformed fish were 14-fold heavier than control siblings. The ability of the CMVGH1 construct to promote growth was greater than that obtained in fish with piscine promoters. Analysis of individual growth curves of charr carrying the OnH3GH1 transgene indicated a stable ratio of specific growth rates in transformed and control fish regardless of fish size. No alteration in growth performance was found in fish carrying the SsGH2 transgene. There was evidence that the transformed rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) were unable to produce SsGH2 mRNA in their pituitary glands. The presence of the transgene in various tissues was examined in trout to evaluate the reliability of one-tissue sampling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00011-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer of growth hormone (GH) transgenes into Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)","authors":"Aleksei Krasnov ,&nbsp;Jyrki J Ågren ,&nbsp;Tiina I Pitkänen ,&nbsp;Hannu Mölsä","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00026-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00026-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To examine whether the utilization of protein and lipids is altered in the genetically modified, rapidly growing charr, we compared CMVOnGH1 transgenic and sibling fish. Muscle composition and rates of gas exchange were analyzed. Plasma metabolites were determined in the recently fed and post-absorptive state. No difference was found in muscle composition. At equal rates of protein accretion, the rate of NH₄ excretion was 43% greater in sibling charr. The lower molar ratio of NH₄ to O₂ exchange implied the reduced expenditure of metabolized protein in transgenic charr. Plasma NH₄ concentration in transgenic fish did not differ from that in sibling charr whereas the greater level of total CO₂ indicated enhanced oxidation of non-protein nutrients. Decreased plasma triglycerides concentration and lower triglyceride to cholesterol ratio showed faster utilization of ingested lipids in transgenic charr, especially of energy-containing fraction. However, this was not accompanied with a reduced lipid content or altered fatty acid composition of muscle triglycerides or phospholipids. Comparative studies suggested that the transgenic charr had acquired features of domesticated salmonid fish. Their increased metabolic rate and enhanced utilization of dietary lipids, especially triglycerides, resembled the characteristics of domestic rainbow trout rather than wild counterparts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 99-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00026-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth hormone effects on essential amino acid absorption, muscle amino acid profile, N-retention and nutritional requirements of striped bass hybrids","authors":"A Farmanfarmaian ,&nbsp;L.-Z Sun","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00012-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00012-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improvements in modern commercia1 aquacu1ture are linked to the uti1ization of biotechnologica1 methods and processes. The most visible approach has been the use of growth hormone (GH) and/or insu1in-1ike growth factor I and II (IGF-I and II), to accelerate the growth of fish. Previously we have reported that the injection of bovine GH, (bGH) in striped bass hybrids increased the specific growth rate and food conversion efficiency without significant a1teration of food consumption rate. In this paper we present the results of experiments in which growth, food consumption, conversion efficiency, ammonia excretion, and amino acid absorption were monitored for individua1 fish after bGH injection. The specific growth rate was stimulated by 50% without significant change in relative food consumption rate. Food conversion efficiency increased by 51%. Intestina1 L-leucine absorption was increased by 25–40% at various concentrations tested. The relative N-retention was stimulated by 20% when computed raw. When a correction factor derived from the elevated amino acid absorption was introduced into the computations, the ca1culated relative N-retention was increased by 56%. Muscle amino acid profile was appreciably altered. We conclude GH supplementation or over-expression in aquaculture profoundly alters the physiological and nutritional conditions of fish. Nutritional profiles of fish food must be altered relative to these physiological changes in order to maximize growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 107-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00012-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards obtaining ES cells in the marine fish species Sparus aurata; multipassage maintenance, characterization and transfection","authors":"J. Béjar ,&nbsp;Y. Hong ,&nbsp;M.C. Alvarez","doi":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00015-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00015-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animal Embryonic-Stem (ES) cells represents a unique tool in animal genetic manipulation. Though putative ES cells from several species have been reported, only those from mice proved successful. In this work, a long-term embryonic cell culture, derived from the commercial fish (<em>Sparus aurata</em>), is reported. These cells have been in vitro characterized for totipotency and transfected with a GFP plasmid.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77142,"journal":{"name":"Genetic analysis, techniques and applications","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 125-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1050-3862(99)00015-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21454424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}