EXS最新文献

{"title":"Interactions between CRF and acetylcholine in the modulation of cognitive behaviour.","authors":"Geoff Warnock, Jos Prickaerts, Thomas Steckler","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"98 ","pages":"41-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26291396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal ions and carcinogenesis.","authors":"Troy R Durham,&nbsp;Elizabeth T Snow","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metals are essential for the normal functioning of living organisms. Their uses in biological systems are varied, but are frequently associated with sites of critical protein function, such as zinc finger motifs and electron or oxygen carriers. These functions only require essential metals in minute amounts, hence they are termed trace metals. Other metals are, however, less beneficial, owing to their ability to promote a wide variety of deleterious health effects, including cancer. Metals such as arsenic, for example, can produce a variety of diseases ranging from keratosis of the palms and feet to cancers in multiple target organs. The nature and type of metal-induced pathologies appear to be dependent on the concentration, speciation, and length of exposure. Unfortunately, human contact with metals is an inescapable consequence of human life, with exposures occurring from both occupational and environmental sources. A uniform mechanism of action for all harmful metals is unlikely, if not implausible, given the diverse chemical properties of each metal. In this chapter we will review the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel, the four known carcinogenic metals that are best understood. The key areas of speciation, bioavailability, and mechanisms of action are discussed with particular reference to the role of metals in alteration of gene expression and maintenance of genomic integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 96","pages":"97-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NPY and energy homeostasis: an opportunity for novel anti-obesity therapies.","authors":"Douglas J MacNeil,&nbsp;Akio Kanatani","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 95","pages":"143-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NPY and chronic neurodegenerative disease.","authors":"Carol A Colton,&nbsp;Michael P Vitek","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 95","pages":"223-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotinic-antipsychotic drug interactions and cognitive function.","authors":"Edward D Levin,&nbsp;Amir H Rezvani","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In summary, neuronal nicotinic systems are important for a variety of aspects of cognitive function impacted by antipsychotic drugs. It has been demonstrated that antipsychotic drugs have memory and attentional impairing effects when given to unimpaired subjects. Nicotine can reduce some of these impairments, but antipsychotic drug administration can also attenuate nicotine effects. We have found that nicotinic agonists selective for alpha7 and alpha4beta2 receptor subtypes significantly improve learning and memory. Serotonergic actions of antipsychotic drugs may decrease efficacy of nicotinic co-treatments. When the antipsychotic drug clozapine and nicotine are administered to subjects with cognitive impairments caused by NMDA glutamate receptor blockade or hippocampal dysfunction they can significantly attenuate the attentional and memory impairments. Nicotine has been shown in our studies to reverse the memory impairment caused by acute clozapine-induced memory improvement. Acute risperidone and haloperidol has been shown to attenuate nicotine-induced memory improvement. We have determined the role of hippocampal alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors in the neural basis of nicotinic antipsychotic interactions. Local acute and chronic hippocampal infusion of either nicotinic alpha7 or alpha4beta2 antagonists cause significant spatial working memory impairment. Chronic hippocampal nicotinic antagonist infusions have served as a model of persistent decreases in nicotinic receptor level seen in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Clozapine attenuated the memory deficit caused by chronic suppression of hippocampal alpha4beta2 receptors while the amnestic effects of clozapine were potentiated by chronic suppression of hippocampal alpha7 receptors. Nicotinic co-treatment may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia, to attenuate cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Nicotine as well as selective nicotinic alpha7 and alpha4beta2 receptor agonists significantly improve working memory and attentional function. Nicotine treatment was found to be effective in attenuating the attentional and memory impairments caused by the psychototmimetic NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801), a model of the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Studies of the interactions of antipsychotic drugs with nicotinic agents provided quite useful information concerning possible co-treatment of people with schizophrenia with nicotinic therapy. Nicotine was found to significantly attenuate the memory impairments caused by the antipsychotic drugs clozapine and olanzapine. Interestingly, nicotine-induced cognitive improvement was significantly attenuated by the antipsychotic drug clozapine. One of the principal effects of clozapine is to block 5HT2 receptors. Ketanserin a 5HT2 antagonist significantly attenuated nicotine-induced improvements in attention and memory. Thus it appears that antipsychotic drugs with actions blocking 5HT2 receptors may limit th","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"98 ","pages":"185-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26291403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human NPY gene variants in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.","authors":"Ullamari Pesonen","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 95","pages":"247-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraseptal cholinergic infusions alter memory in the rat: method and mechanism.","authors":"James J Chrobak,&nbsp;Helen R Sabolek,&nbsp;Jamie G Bunce","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7772-4_5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"98 ","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26291398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormalities of chromatin in tumor cells.","authors":"Bojan Drobic,&nbsp;Katherine L Dunn,&nbsp;Paula S Espino,&nbsp;James R Davie","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear morphometric descriptors such as nuclear size, shape, DNA content and chromatin organization are used by pathologists as diagnostic markers for cancer. Tumorigenesis involves a series of poorly understood morphological changes that lead to the development of hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ carcinoma, invasive carcinoma, and in many instances finally metastatic carcinoma. Nuclei from different stages of disease progression exhibit changes in shape and the reorganization of chromatin, which appears to correlate with malignancy. Multistep tumorigenesis is a process that results from alterations in the function of DNA. These alterations result from stable genetic changes, including those of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and DNA stability genes, and potentially reversible epigenetic changes, which are modifications in gene function without a change in the DNA sequence. DNA methylation and histone modifications are two epigenetic mechanisms that are altered in cancer cells. The impact of genetic (e.g., mutations in Rb and ras family) and epigenetic alterations with a focus on histone modifications on chromatin structure and function in cancer cells are reviewed here.</p>","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 96","pages":"25-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/3-7643-7378-4_2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropeptide Y and sympathetic control of vascular tone in hypertension.","authors":"Thomas C Westfall","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 95","pages":"89-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasticity of neuropeptide Y in the dentate gyrus after seizures, and its relevance to seizure-induced neurogenesis.","authors":"Helen E Scharfman,&nbsp;William P Gray","doi":"10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In summary, NPY is clearly an important peptide in the adult rat dentate gyrus because it has the potential to influence synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. It may even have other functions, as yet undiscovered, mediated by glia or vasculature. The remarkable plasticity of NPY puts it in a position to allow dentate gyrus function to be modified in a changing environment. The importance of this plasticity in the context of epilepsy cannot be emphasized enough. It could help explain a range of observations about epilepsy that currently is poorly understood. For example, rapid increases in NPY could mediate postictal depression, the period of depression that can last for several hours after generalized seizures. It may mediate the \"priming effect,\" which is a reduction in seizure threshold following an initial period of seizures. Finally, it could contribute to the resistance of dentate granule cells to degeneration after seizures. However, despite the focus in this review on seizure-induced changes, the changes described here also appear to occur after other types of manipulations, which considerably broadens the scope of NPY's role in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":" 95","pages":"193-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}