EXS最新文献 - Book学术

Viral infection. 病毒感染。

EXS Pub Date : 2020-02-07 DOI: 10.1055/b-0034-77569

M. Santoro

引用次数: 249

Forensic Toxicology: Mechanisms and Pathology 法医毒理学:机制和病理学

EXS Pub Date : 2015-11-18 DOI: 10.1201/b19459

R. Powers, D. Dean

引用次数: 62

Historical milestones and discoveries that shaped the toxicology sciences. 毒理学科学的历史里程碑和发现。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1108

Antoinette N Hayes, S. Gilbert

引用次数: 19

Inhalation toxicology. 吸入毒理学。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_13

Amanda Hayes, Shahnaz Bakand

{"title":"Inhalation toxicology.","authors":"Amanda Hayes, Shahnaz Bakand","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_13","url":null,"abstract":"Inhalation of gases, vapors and aerosols can cause a wide range of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation to systemic diseases. The large number of chemicals and complex mixtures present in indoor and outdoor air coupled with the introduction of new materials such as nanoparticles and nanofibers, is an area of growing concern for human health. Animal-based assays have been used to study the toxic effects of chemicals for many years. However, even so, very little is known about the potential toxicity of the vast majority of inhaled chemicals. As well as new or refined OECD test guidelines, continuing scientific developments are needed to improve the process of safety evaluation for the vast number of chemicals and inhaled materials. Although studying the toxic effects of inhaled chemicals is more challenging, promising in vitro exposure techniques have been recently developed that offer new possibilities to test biological activities of inhaled chemicals under biphasic conditions at the air liquid interface. This chapter gives an overview of inhalation toxicology as well as focusing on the potential application of in vitro methods for toxicity testing of airborne pollutants.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"461-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28895779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Biological warfare agents. 生物战剂。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01

Miroslav Pohanka, Kamil Kuca

引用次数: 0

Forensic toxicology. 法医毒理学。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_18

Olaf H Drummer

{"title":"Forensic toxicology.","authors":"Olaf H Drummer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_18","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic toxicology has developed as a forensic science in recent years and is now widely used to assist in death investigations, in civil and criminal matters involving drug use, in drugs of abuse testing in correctional settings and custodial medicine, in road and workplace safety, in matters involving environmental pollution, as well as in sports doping. Drugs most commonly targeted include amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine and the opiates, but can be any other illicit substance or almost any over-the-counter or prescribed drug, as well as poisons available to the community. The discipline requires high level skills in analytical techniques with a solid knowledge of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Modern techniques rely heavily on immunoassay screening analyses and mass spectrometry (MS) for confirmatory analyses using either high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography as the separation technique. Tandem MS has become more and more popular compared to single-stage MS. It is essential that analytical systems are fully validated and fit for the purpose and the assay batches are monitored with quality controls. External proficiency programs monitor both the assay and the personnel performing the work. For a laboratory to perform optimally, it is vital that the circumstances and context of the case are known and the laboratory understands the limitations of the analytical systems used, including drug stability. Drugs and poisons can change concentration postmortem due to poor or unequal quality of blood and other specimens, anaerobic metabolism and redistribution. The latter provides the largest handicap in the interpretation of postmortem results.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"579-603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28892994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Phycotoxins: chemistry, mechanisms of action and shellfish poisoning. 藻毒素:化学、作用机制和贝类中毒。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_3

Gian Paolo Rossini, Philipp Hess

{"title":"Phycotoxins: chemistry, mechanisms of action and shellfish poisoning.","authors":"Gian Paolo Rossini, Philipp Hess","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_3","url":null,"abstract":"Phycotoxins are natural metabolites produced by micro-algae. Through accumulation in the food chain, these toxins may concentrate in different marine organisms, including filter-feeding bivalves, burrowing and grazing organisms, herbivorous and predatory fish. Human poisoning due to ingestion of seafood contaminated by phycotoxins has occurred in the past, and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are naturally occurring events. Still, we are witnessing a global increase in HABs and seafood contaminations, whose causative factors are only partially understood. Phycotoxins are small to medium-sized natural products and belong to many different groups of chemical compounds. The molecular mass ranges from approximately 300 to over 3000 Da, and the compound classes represented include amino acids, alkaloids and polyketides. Each compound group typically has several main compounds based on the same or similar structure. However, most groups also have several analogues, which are either produced by the algae or through metabolism in fish or shellfish or other marine organisms. The different phycotoxins have distinct molecular mechanisms of action. Saxitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, gambierol, palytoxins, domoic acid, and, perhaps, cyclic imines, alter different ion channels and/or pumps at the level of the cell membrane. The normal functioning of neuronal and other excitable tissues is primarily perturbed by these mechanisms, leading to adverse effects in humans. Okadaic acid and related compounds inhibit serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases, and disrupt major mechanisms controlling cellular functions. Pectenotoxins bind to actin filaments, and alter cellular cytoskeleton. The precise mechanisms of action of yessotoxins and azaspiracids, in turn, are still undetermined. The route of human exposure to phycotoxins is usually oral, although living systems may become exposed to phycotoxins through other routes. Based on recorded symptoms, the major poisonings recognized so far include paralytic, neurotoxic, amnesic, diarrheic shellfish poisonings, ciguatera, as well as palytoxin and azaspiracid poisonings.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"65-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28894702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 61

Analytical toxicology. 分析毒理学。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_9

Hans H Maurer

引用次数: 1

Toxic plants: a chemist's perspective. 有毒植物:一个化学家的观点。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01

Bryan A Hanson

引用次数: 0

Household chemicals: management of intoxication and antidotes. 家用化学品:中毒和解毒剂的管理。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_10

Christine Rauber-Lüthy, Hugo Kupferschmidt

{"title":"Household chemicals: management of intoxication and antidotes.","authors":"Christine Rauber-Lüthy, Hugo Kupferschmidt","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_10","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to household products is very common, but in industrialized countries severe or fatal poisoning with household products is rare today, due to the legal restriction of sale of hazardous household products. The big challenge for physicians, pharmacologists and toxicologists is to identify the few exceptional life-threatening situations where immediate intervention is needed. Among thousands of innocuous products available for the household only very few are hazardous. Substances found in these products include detergents, corrosives, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and some of the essential oils. The ingestion of batteries and magnets and the exposure to cyanoacrylates (super glue) can cause complications in exceptional situations. Among the most dangerous substances still present in household products are ethylene glycol and methanol. These substances cause major toxicity only through their metabolites. Therefore, initial symptoms may be only mild or absent. Treatment even in asymptomatic patients has to be initiated as early as possible to inhibit production of toxic metabolites. For all substances not only the compound itself but also the route of exposure is relevant for toxicity. Oral ingestion and inhalation generally lead to most pronounced symptoms, while dermal exposure is often limited to mild irritation. However, certain circumstances need special attention. Exposure to hydrofluoric acid may lead to fatal hypocalcemia, depending on the concentration, duration of exposure, and area of the affected skin. Accidents with hydrocarbon pressure injectors and spray guns are very serious events, which may lead to amputation of affected limbs. Button batteries normally pass the gastrointestinal tract without problems even in toddlers; in rare cases, however, they get lodged in the esophagus with the risk of localized tissue damage and esophageal perforation.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"339-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28895777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14