EXS最新文献_第2页

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_2

Robert R M Paterson, Nelson Lima

{"title":"Toxicology of mycotoxins.","authors":"Robert R M Paterson, Nelson Lima","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_2","url":null,"abstract":"Humans are exposed to mycotoxins via ingestion, contact and inhalation. This must have occurred throughout human history and led to severe outbreaks. Potential diseases range from akakabio-byo to stachybotryotoxicosis and cancer. The known molecular bases of toxicology run the gamut of 23 compounds, from aflatoxins (AFs) to zearalenone, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol. Ergotism is one of the oldest recognized mycotoxicosis, although mycotoxin science only commenced in the 1960s with the discovery of AFs in turkey feed. AFs are carcinogenic. Some others are suspected carcinogens. The effects of mycotoxins are acute or chronic in nature. Mycotoxins are well known in the scientific community, although they have a low profile in the general population. An incongruous situation occurs in United States where mycotoxins from \"moldy homes\" are considered to be a significant problem, although there is a general debate about seriousness. This contrasts with the thousands of deaths from mycotoxins that occur, even now, in the technologically less developed countries (e.g., Indonesia, China, and Africa). Mycotoxins are more toxic than pesticides. Studies are moving from whole animal work to investigating the biochemical mechanisms in isolated cells, and the mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular level are being elucidated. The stereochemical nature of AFs has been shown to be important. In addition, the effect of multiple mycotoxins is being increasingly investigated, which will more accurately represent the situation in nature. It is anticipated that more fungal metabolites will be recognized as dangerous toxins and permitted statutory levels will decrease in the future.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"31-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28894701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 225

Biological testing for drugs of abuse. 滥用药物的生物检测。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_14

David Vearrier, John A Curtis, Michael I Greenberg

引用次数: 27

Biological warfare agents. 生物战剂。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_17

M. Pohanka, K. Kuča

引用次数: 42

Poisonous plants. 有毒的植物。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_4

Robert H Poppenga

{"title":"Poisonous plants.","authors":"Robert H Poppenga","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_4","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of plants can cause adverse effects when ingested by animals or people. Plant toxicity is due to a wide diversity of chemical toxins that include alkaloids, glycosides, proteins and amino acids. There are several notable toxic plants for which a specific chemical responsible for toxicity has not been determined. There are many examples of species differences in terms of their sensitivity to intoxication from plants. Pets, such as dogs and cats, and people, especially children, are frequently exposed to the same toxic plants due to their shared environments. On the other hand, livestock are exposed to toxic plants that are rarely involved in human intoxications due to the unique environments in which they are kept. Fortunately, adverse effects often do not occur or are generally mild following most toxic plant ingestions and no therapeutic intervention is necessary. However, some plants are extremely toxic and ingestion of small amounts can cause rapid death. The diagnosis of plant intoxication can be challenging, especially in veterinary medicine where a history of exposure to a toxic plant is often lacking. Analytical tests are available to detect some plant toxins, although their diagnostic utility is often limited by test availability and timeliness of results. With a few notable exceptions, antidotes for plant toxins are not available. However, general supportive and symptomatic care often is sufficient to successfully treat a symptomatic patient.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"123-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28894703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Mechanistic insights on spider neurotoxins. 蜘蛛神经毒素的机理研究。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_8

Andreas Luch

{"title":"Mechanistic insights on spider neurotoxins.","authors":"Andreas Luch","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_8","url":null,"abstract":"In physiology research, animal neurotoxins historically have served as valuable tools for identification, purification, and functional characterization of voltage-dependent ion channels. In particular, toxins from scorpions, sea anemones and cone snails were at the forefront of work aimed at illuminating the three-dimensional architecture of sodium channels. To date, at least six different receptor binding sites have been identified and--most of them--structurally assigned in terms of protein sequence and spatial disposition. Recent work on Australian funnel-web spiders identified certain peptidic ingredients as being responsible for the neurotoxicity of the crude venom. These peptides, termed delta-atracotoxins (delta-ACTX), consist of 42 amino acids and bind to voltage-gated sodium channels in the same way as classical scorpion alpha-toxins. According to the 'voltage-sensor trapping model' proposed in the literature, delta-ACTX isoforms interact with the voltage sensor S4 transmembrane segment of alpha-subunit domain IV, thereby preventing its normal outward movement and concurrent conformational changes required for inactivation of the channel. As consequence prolonged action potentials at autonomic or somatic synapses induce massive transmitter release, resulting in clinical correlates of neuroexcitation (e.g., muscle fasciculation, spasms, paresthesia, tachycardia, diaphoresis, etc.). On the other hand, the major neurotoxin isolated from black widow spiders, alpha-latrotoxin (alpha-LTX), represents a 132 kDa protein consisting of a unique N-terminal sequence and a C-terminal part harboring multiple ankyrin-like repeats. Upon binding to one of its specific presynaptic receptors, alpha-LTX has been shown to tetramerize under physiological conditions to form Ca2+-permeable pores in presynaptic membranes. The molecular model worked out during recent years separates two distinguishable receptor-mediated effects. According to current knowledge, binding of the N terminus of alpha-LTX at one of its specific receptors either triggers intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in phospholipase C-mediated mobilization of presynaptic Ca2+ stores, or leads to the formation of tetrameric pore complexes, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the presynaptic terminal. Alpha-LTX-triggered exocytosis and fulminant transmitter release at autonomic synapses may then provoke a clinical syndrome referred to as 'latrodectism', characterized by local and incapacitating pain, diaphoresis, muscle fasciculation, tremor, anxiety, and so forth. The present review aims at providing a short introduction into some of the exciting molecular effects induced by neurotoxins isolated from black widow and funnel-web spiders.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"293-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28895775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Drugs of abuse: management of intoxication and antidotes. 滥用药物:中毒和解毒剂的处理。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_15

Ivan D Montoya, David J McCann

{"title":"Drugs of abuse: management of intoxication and antidotes.","authors":"Ivan D Montoya, David J McCann","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_15","url":null,"abstract":"Illicit drug intoxications are an increasing public health problem for which, in most cases, no antidotes are clinically available. The diagnosis and treatment of these intoxications requires a trained clinician with experience in recognizing the specific signs and symptoms of intoxications to individual drugs as well as polydrug intoxications, which are more the rule than the exception. To make the diagnosis, the clinical observation and a urine toxicology test are often enough. Evaluating the blood levels of drugs is frequently not practical because the tests can be expensive and results may be delayed and unavailable to guide the establishment of a treatment plan. Other laboratory tests may be useful depending on the drug or drugs ingested and the presence of other medical complications. The treatment should be provided in a quiet, safe and reassuring environment. Vital signs should be closely monitored. Changes in blood pressure, respiratory frequency and temperature should be promptly treated, particularly respiratory depression (in cases of opiate intoxication) or hyperthermia (in cases of cocaine or amphetamine intoxication). Intravenous fluids should be administered as soon as possible. Other psychiatric and medical complication should receive appropriate symptomatic treatment. Research on immunotherapies, including vaccines, monoclonal and catalytic antibodies, seems to be a promising approach that may yield specific antidotes for drugs of abuse, helping to ameliorate the morbidity and mortality associated with illicit drug intoxications.","PeriodicalId":77125,"journal":{"name":"EXS","volume":"100 ","pages":"519-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28895781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Heavy metal poisoning: management of intoxication and antidotes. 重金属中毒:中毒的处理和解毒剂。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_11

Daniel E Rusyniak, Anna Arroyo, Jennifer Acciani, Blake Froberg, Louise Kao, Brent Furbee

引用次数: 39

Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Volume 2: clinical toxicology. Preface. 分子、临床和环境毒理学。第二卷:临床毒理学。前言。

EXS Pub Date : 2010-01-01

Andreas Luch