Russian Metallurgy (Metally)最新文献

{"title":"Electrical Conductivity of the HfCl4 Solutions in the Molten LiCl–KCl Eutectic","authors":"A. B. Salyulev,&nbsp;A. M. Potapov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700801","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700801","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrical conductivity is one of the most important properties to be known for a proper organization of the electrolytic processes occurring in salt melts, in particular, in the production and refining of metallic hafnium and its separation from zirconium. In this work, we are the first to measure the electrical conductivities of molten HfCl₄ mixtures with a low-melting (LiCl–KCl)_eut solvent, which makes it possible to significantly (by several hundreds of degrees) lower the temperature of technological processes. The liquidus line of this pseudobinary system at HfCl₄ concentrations up to 30 mol % has been constructed for the first time as well. The electrical conductivity is measured using a specially designed quartz capillary-type cell with a constant of 95.2–91.9 cm^–1 and high-purity chlorides. The resistances of the molten mixtures in the concentration range 0–30 mol % HfCl₄ and the temperature range 780–1063 K are detected using an R-5058 AC bridge at a frequency of 10 kHz, and the melt temperature is detected with a Pt/Pt-Rh thermocouple. The electrical conductivities of molten (LiCl–KCl)eut–HfCl₄ mixtures is found to increase with temperature in the range from 0.86 to 2.08 S/cm due to an increase in the mobility of ions (simple and complex) and a decrease in the viscosity of the melt. As the HfCl₄ concentration increases, the electrical conductivity decreases. The concentration of relatively low-mobility <span>({text{HfCl}}_{6}^{{2 - }})</span> complex groups, which contain 6 chlorine anions tightly bound to the tetravalent metal, increases in the melts in the same direction. The concentration of the main charge carriers (Li⁺, K⁺) and highly mobile Cl^– anions decreases in this case, which leads to a decrease in the electrical conductivity of the melt. In the molten (LiCl–KCl)eut–ZrCl₄ mixtures we studied earlier, the decrease in the electrical conductivity with increasing tetrachloride concentration is more weakly pronounced, which indicates a lower strength of the <span>({text{ZrCl}}_{6}^{{2 - }})</span> complexes compared to the <span>({text{HfCl}}_{6}^{{2 - }})</span> ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"527 - 532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taking into Account the Dipole–Dipole Interactions between Ions in the Calculations of the Temperature Dependences of the Densities of Molten Alkali Metal Chlorides","authors":"A. G. Davydov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700722","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700722","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The temperature dependences of the densities of molten alkali metal chlorides are calculated using a statistical theory of liquids. The equation of state used in the work makes it possible to take into account both the charge–dipole contribution and the dipole–dipole correction to the interionic interaction in melts using a charged hard sphere model. This version of the equation of state has been derived using the thermodynamic perturbation theory in combination with the virial theorem, which relates expressions for various contributions to the internal energy and pressure of a liquid. The calculation results are shown to qualitatively and quantitatively agree with the experimental data on the temperature dependences of the densities of molten chlorides. The errors in calculating densities in this case are no more than 3.5% when only the standard tabulated ionic radii and polarizabilities are used. The discrepancies between the calculated and experimental data increase on transition to melts containing larger and more polarizable cations. The use of a simple charged hard sphere model in the calculations leads to a systematic underestimation of the melt density by about ten percent. Hence, taking into account the second-order effects is shown to increase the melt density, which, in turn, brings about better agreement of the calculation results with the reported experimental data.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"456 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wetting of the Surface of Liquid Indium with Molten Alkali Metal Halides","authors":"V. P. Stepanov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700813","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700813","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previously unknown information on wetting in two-phase liquid media is obtained by analyzing the ratio of the surface forces at the line of contact of liquid indium with molten sodium, potassium, and cesium halides over a wide temperature range. The dependences of interfacial tension, work of adhesion, spreading index, and contact angle on temperature and the nature of a salt phase are found. The phenomenon of transition from incomplete to complete wetting upon reaching the critical temperature of the phase transition has been revealed. The transition from partial to complete wetting is shown to be facilitated by an increase in the temperature and the polarizability of salt-phase ions.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"533 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Oxygen-Containing Impurities in the FLiNaK and FLiBe Fluoride Salts Using Carbothermic Reduction","authors":"A. A. Maslennikova,&nbsp;O. Yu. Tkacheva,&nbsp;Yu. P. Zaikov","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700758","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700758","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The works devoted to the techniques of determining the oxygen-containing impurities in the FLiNaK and FLiBe fluoride salts by carbothermic reduction in an inert carrier gas flow passing through a gas analyzer are analyzed. These salts are promising for use in molten salt reactors. At high carbothermic reduction temperatures, an analysis of the impurity oxygen concentrations in the fluoride salts is complicated by their volatility and hygroscopicity, which negatively affects the accuracy and reproducibility of experimental results. These difficulties can be overcome by upgrading commercial gas analyzers: installing additional filters and salt traps, lengthening the gas line, placing instrument structural units or the entire gas analyzer in a box with an inert atmosphere, and so on. Modified devices can be used to determine the oxygen concentration in the FLiNaK and FLiBe salts at a level of several tens of ppm.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"490 - 498"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibria in the LiF–CsI Reciprocal Mixture","authors":"M. A. Kobelev,&nbsp;V. A. Tukachev","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700783","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700783","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The two-phase method is modified to calculate liquid–liquid phase equilibria in the LiF–CsI reciprocal mixture. This approach uses the Born–Mayer pairwise approximation to describe interionic interactions, which is advantageous. The calculated miscibility gap fragment is in general agreement with available experimental data. Our calculations of the concentrations of the coexisting liquid phases reflect the primary experimental trend that the solubility of LiF in CsI increases more rapidly than the solubility of CsI in LiF as temperature rises.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"512 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical Conductivity of FLiNaK–LaF3 Melts","authors":"E. V. Nikolaeva,&nbsp;A. L. Bove","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700734","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700734","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mixtures of molten fluoride salts can be considered as possible high-temperature liquid fuels and coolants for molten salt reactors. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of the molten ternary eutectic LiF–KF–NaF (FLiNaK) containing from 0 to 27 mol % lanthanum fluoride is studied in the ranges from the liquidus temperature of each composition to 800°C. A significant decrease in the electrical conductivity of the molten system FLiNaK–LaF₃ is shown with increasing lanthanum fluoride concentration. The temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity of the molten system are approximated by second-order polynomials. In the Arrhenius coordinates, the values of electrical conductivity in a small temperature range (about 200°C) can be approximated by a linear equation. When the LaF₃ concentration increases, the effective values of the activation energies of electrical conduction calculated using experimental data decrease slightly. The increase in the activation energy indicates strengthening of the bonds between particles. The detected changes in the electrical conductivity of the FLiNaK–LaF₃ melt after adding lanthanum fluoride can be explained by the formation of anionic groups during the dissolution of LaF₃ in the liquid phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"475 - 480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capacitance of an Iridium Electrode in Molten Alkali Metal Halides","authors":"E. V. Kirillova","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700679","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700679","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using the method of measuring the capacitance of an iridium electrode in molten salts NaCl, KCl, CsCl, NaBr, KBr, CsBr, NaI, and KI, the potential dependences of the electrode capacitance are obtained at different alternating signal frequencies and temperatures. In all these systems, the capacitance is shown to have the form of a curve with two minima and a maximum between them; at some temperatures and frequencies, an additional third minimum of capacitance is observed in the interval between the two main ones. The shape of the curve, the value of the capacitance and the position of the minima depend on the alternating signal frequency, the temperature, and the cation-anion composition of the electrolyte. An increase in the radii of the salt cation and/or anion, as well as a decrease in frequency and temperature, complicate the shape of the capacitance curve. Curve segment Δ<i>E</i> from the cathodic minimum potential <i>E</i>_min to the potential of the local maximum capacitance <i>E</i>_max are used to estimate the interval in which the shape of the capacitance dependence corresponds to the classical one. This segment decreases with an increase in the radii of the cation and anion of the salt, as well as with a decrease in the alternating signal frequency. An increase in the radii of the salt cations and anions also leads to an increase in the frequency dependence of both <i>E</i>_min, and Δ<i>E</i>. The paper proposes an approach according to which the maximum potential <i>E</i>_max of the capacitance curve of a solid metal electrode in ionic melts containing anions capable of specific adsorption can be considered as the potential for the transition from the electrostatic adsorption mechanism to the stage of chemical adsorption. The magnitude of Δ<i>E</i> in this case can be used to evaluate the influence of specific adsorption of halide ions on the capacitive properties of the iridium electrode.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"442 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Temperature Synthesis and Structural Transformations in Substituted ZnGa2 – xInxO4 Spinel","authors":"T. A. Markin,&nbsp;E. S. Anannikov,&nbsp;G. M. Zirnik,&nbsp;D. S. Afanas’ev,&nbsp;V. P. Urvachev,&nbsp;S. A. Gudkova,&nbsp;D. A. Vinnik","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700667","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700667","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A series of substituted ZnGa_{2 – <i>x</i>}In_<i>x</i>O₄ (<i>x</i> = 0–0.4) spinels is synthesized using nitrate–glycol gel decomposition at temperatures of 300–900°C. The material is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The introduction of In³⁺ ions into the spinel structure is found to cause partial amorphization and to retard crystallization at a sintering temperature of 500°C. A single-phase spinel forms at temperatures of 700 and 900 °C and low substitution (up to <i>x</i> = 0.1), and the hexagonal InGaZnO₄ phase appears at higher indium concentrations. The upper solubility limit of In³⁺ in the spinel structure, which is detected when reflections from the foreign hexagonal InGaZnO₄ phase appear, is <i>x</i> = 0.20 and <i>x</i> = 0.10 for sintering temperatures of 700°C and 900°C, respectively. The calculation of the unit cell parameters confirms Vegard’s law in the region of low indium substitution. For the ZnGa_{2 – <i>x</i>}In_<i>x</i>O₄ solid solutions synthesized at a sintering temperature of 700°C, the lattice parameter is <i>a</i> = 8.3264 ± 0.0005 Å and 8.3419 ± 0.0007 Å for <i>x</i> = 0 and 0.10, respectively, and for a sintering temperature of 900°C and <i>x</i> = 0 and 0.10, the lattice parameter is <i>a</i> = 8.3229 ± 0.002 Å and 8.3436 ± 0.0008 Å, respectively. The possibility of introducing a larger amount of In³⁺ ions into the spinel structure is demonstrated, which can be promising for using the material in the field of printed and flexible electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"435 - 441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Substrate Material on the Electrodeposition of Porous Nickel Deposits onto Cylindrical Electrodes and Their Electrochemical Properties","authors":"T. S. Trofimova,&nbsp;R. I. Verkhodanov,&nbsp;T. N. Ostanina,&nbsp;V. S. Nikitin","doi":"10.1134/S0036029526700795","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S0036029526700795","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effects of substrate material on the morphology and electrocatalytic properties of porous nickel foam electrodeposited from chloride solutions onto cylindrical electrodes made of copper, nickel, carbon steel, stainless steel, and zinc-coated aluminum are examined. The substrate material affects the number and size of macropores, porosity, the morphology of the dendrites forming the pore walls, and the specific surface area of the porous nickel electrodeposit (foam). Morphological differences between foams deposited on different substrates affect the electrocatalytic activity of foams in the hydrogen evolution reaction in an alkaline medium. The electrochemical properties of the foams are estimated by measuring hydrogen evolution depolarization relative to a smooth nickel electrode. Due to their high porosity, foams deposited on nickel substrates demonstrate high electrocatalytic activity. Lower porosity and activity are typical of deposits on copper and carbon steel substrates. The lowest porosity occurs on stainless steel and aluminum substrates, where adhesion of the nickel foam is also poor.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 3","pages":"517 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving the Potential Designed Abilities of an Intermetallic Ni3Al-Based Alloy","authors":"O. A. Bazyleva,&nbsp;E. G. Rimsha,&nbsp;N. I. Artemenko,&nbsp;A. N. Raevskikh","doi":"10.1134/S003602952670062X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S003602952670062X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The structural and phase transformations in a cast structural Ni₃Al-based alloy are studied as functions of alloying balance, heat treatment, the use of a thermal barrier coating, and high-temperature static tests. The VIN4M intermetallic alloy and the composite coating, which are calculated with allowance for the alloying balance, are shown to retain thermal stability after heat treatment, which includes hot isostatic pressing, and after long-term static tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":769,"journal":{"name":"Russian Metallurgy (Metally)","volume":"2026 2","pages":"406 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148342882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}