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Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory最新文献

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Strategies and classification learning 策略与分类学习
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.241
D. Medin, Edward E. Smith
{"title":"Strategies and classification learning","authors":"D. Medin, Edward E. Smith","doi":"10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.241","url":null,"abstract":"How do strategies affect the learning of categories that lack necessary and sufficient attributes? The usual answer is that different strategies correspond to different models. In this article we provide evidence for an alternative view— Strategy variations induced by instructions affect only the amount of information represented about attributes, not the process operating on these representations. The experiment required subjects to classify schematic faces into two categories. Three groups of subjects worked with different sets of instructions: roughly, form a prototype of each category, learn each category as a rule-plus-exception, or standard neutral instructions. In addition to learning the faces (Phase 1), subjects were given transfer tests on learned and novel faces (Phase 2) and speeded categorization tests on learned faces (Phase 3). There were performance differences in all three phases due to instructions, but these results were readily accounted for by specific changes in the representations posited by the context model of Medin and Schaffer; that is, strategies seemed to affect only the amount of information stored about each exemplar's attributes.","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"7 1","pages":"241-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82235520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 178
The role of context in the encoding of information. 语境在信息编码中的作用。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.283
J. Alba, S. Alexander, L. Hasher, K. Caniglia
{"title":"The role of context in the encoding of information.","authors":"J. Alba, S. Alexander, L. Hasher, K. Caniglia","doi":"10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.283","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"35 1","pages":"283-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75683802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
Memory for words, pictures, and faces: Retroactive interference, forgetting, and reminiscence. 对文字、图片和面孔的记忆:回溯干扰、遗忘和回忆。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.299
K. Deffenbacher, T. Carr, J. R. Leu
{"title":"Memory for words, pictures, and faces: Retroactive interference, forgetting, and reminiscence.","authors":"K. Deffenbacher, T. Carr, J. R. Leu","doi":"10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"7 1","pages":"299-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73492216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 82
Notes, Comments, and New Findings: The Role of Context in the Encoding of Information. 注释、评论和新发现:语境在信息编码中的作用。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.7.4.283
J. Alba
{"title":"Notes, Comments, and New Findings: The Role of Context in the Encoding of Information.","authors":"J. Alba","doi":"10.1037//0278-7393.7.4.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.7.4.283","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78701848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
Factors Affecting the Use of World Knowledge to Complete a Linear Ordering. 影响利用世界知识完成线性排序的因素。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.7.4.254
G. R. Potts, R. Keller, Clinton J. Rooley
{"title":"Factors Affecting the Use of World Knowledge to Complete a Linear Ordering.","authors":"G. R. Potts, R. Keller, Clinton J. Rooley","doi":"10.1037//0278-7393.7.4.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.7.4.254","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"6 1","pages":"254-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76451257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Input, Decision, and Response Factors in Picture-Word Interference 图片-文字干扰的输入、决定和反应因素
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.269
S. Lupker, A. Katz
{"title":"Input, Decision, and Response Factors in Picture-Word Interference","authors":"S. Lupker, A. Katz","doi":"10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.7.4.269","url":null,"abstract":"Two variations of the picture-word analogue of the Stroop task were examined in an effort to gain a better understanding of the processes involved in responding to picture-word stimuli. Four stages in this process were outlined and then evaluated as potential sources of the interference in these types of tasks. In Experiment 1 subjects were required to respond yes or no (vocally or manually) to whether the picture was that of a dog. In Experiment 2 subjects were asked to respond by naming the picture's semantic category. Taken together, the results of these experiments indicate that (a) input factors contribute very little to the interference observed, (b) in certain situations some of the interference is due to an interaction of the semantic information from the word and the picture during a decision process, and (c) the response selection and output processes account for most of the interference but only in situations in which the word's name is potentially a response. Implications of these results for the study of automatic semantic processing of words are discussed. As Quillian (1968) pointed out over 12 years ago, an individual's storehouse of information about any well-known concept is virtually limitless; yet of this information","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"141 1","pages":"269-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77457017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 90
Item and order information in short-term memory: Evidence for multilevel perturbation processes. 短期记忆中的项目和顺序信息:多层次扰动过程的证据。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-05-01 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.7.3.149
Catherine L. Lee, W. Estes
{"title":"Item and order information in short-term memory: Evidence for multilevel perturbation processes.","authors":"Catherine L. Lee, W. Estes","doi":"10.1037/0278-7393.7.3.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.7.3.149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"12 1","pages":"149-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76361477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 217
The representation of pictures in memory. 图像在存储器中的表示。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-05-01
G McKoon
{"title":"The representation of pictures in memory.","authors":"G McKoon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The two experiments presented in this article examined the memory representation of pictorial information. The technique used to investigate structure was priming in item recognition. Subjects studied a list of pictures and then were tested for recognition of parts of pictures. In Experiment 1, the time to recognize a target part of a picture was speeded (primed) if the immediately preceding part in the test list was from the same picture. This priming effect was larger if the two parts were interacting with each other in the picture than if they were not interacting. Experiment 2 showed more priming between the interacting, foreground parts of a picture than between one of the interacting parts and a background part. For noninteracting parts, priming between foreground parts was equal to priming between foreground and background parts. It is suggested that priming may prove a useful technique for investigating other aspects of the representation of pictorial information.</p>","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"7 3","pages":"216-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18253922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The effects of fading procedures on discrimination shifts. 衰落过程对歧视转移的影响。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-05-01
J D Nolan, A E Harris
{"title":"The effects of fading procedures on discrimination shifts.","authors":"J D Nolan,&nbsp;A E Harris","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human discrimination learning is frequently characterized as a \"two-link process\" consisting of an instrumental response and a covert dimensional attention or mediation response. In subsequent conceptual shift problems, reversal shift facilitation is attributed to partial reinforcement of the covert response in the original problem. Unlike standard trial and error learning conditions, a fading design eliminated the partial reinforcement of covert responding and, consistent with the hypothesis, reduced reversal shift facilitation. Although fading procedures facilitate discrimination learning, they may retard subsequent trial and error learning, a cost that warrants further exploration. Trial and error conditions produced the expected reversal facilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"7 3","pages":"222-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18253923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple code activation in word recognition: evidence from rhyme monitoring. 词识别中的多码激活:来自韵律监测的证据。
Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory Pub Date : 1981-05-01
S Donnenwerth-Nolan, M K Tanenhaus, M S Seidenberg
{"title":"Multiple code activation in word recognition: evidence from rhyme monitoring.","authors":"S Donnenwerth-Nolan,&nbsp;M K Tanenhaus,&nbsp;M S Seidenberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seidenberg and Tanenhaus reported that orthographically similar rhymes were detected more rapidly than dissimilar rhymes in a rhyme monitoring task with auditory stimulus presentation. The present experiments investigated the hypothesis that these results were due to a rhyme production-frequency bias in favor of similar rhymes that was present in their materials. In three experiments, subjects monitored short word lists for the word that rhymed with a cue presented prior to each list. All stimuli were presented auditorily. Cue-target rhyme production frequency was equated for orthographically similar and dissimilar rhymes. Similar rhymes were detected more rapidly in all three experiments, indicating that orthographic information was accessed in auditory word recognition. The results suggest that multiple codes are automatically accessed in word recognition. This entails a reinterpretation of phonological \"recording\" in visual word recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":76919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory","volume":"7 3","pages":"170-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18255895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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