Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals最新文献

{"title":"Thermal Modeling of Tool-Work Interface during Friction Stir Welding Process","authors":"A. Chikh,&nbsp;M. Serier,&nbsp;R. Al-Sabur,&nbsp;A. N. Siddiquee,&nbsp;N. Gangil","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222060049","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222060049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adequate heat input provided by the proper combination of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters is critical to sound welding. Optimum parameter setting requires exhaustive trials and extensive experiments, which require considerable time, resources, and cost. This study uses simulation and modelling approaches to generate three significant tool-work heat flux generating interfaces (tool shoulder, lateral and bottom surfaces of the pin). The temperature data was acquired by performing nine experiments on 4 mm thick AA6060-T5 sheets. The effects of significant FSW parameters (Tool Rotational Speed (TRS) and welding speed (WS)) on the heat input were modelled. The calculated heat input rates at the shoulder and pin surfaces (<i>Q</i>₁, <i>Q</i>₂, and <i>Q</i>₃) were numerically estimated. The experimental data was converted into a mathematical model using the response surface method to study the effect of welding parameters on heat input from each of the three surfaces. The analysis of the results showed that among three interfaces, the shoulder provides the most significant heat input due to the immense friction between this surface and the parts to be welded. The interaction between the main factors produced little heat on the three surfaces. The ANOVA test showed that the three models are a good approximation of the results of both experiments and theories.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"63 6","pages":"690 - 700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5111787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of the Presence of Precious Metals in the Zinc Production Clinker","authors":"V. G. Lobanov,&nbsp;O. B. Kolmachikhina,&nbsp;S. E. Polygalov,&nbsp;R. E. Khabibulina,&nbsp;L. V. Sokolov","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222060104","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222060104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The features of forms of occurrence of gold in technogenic raw materials—lying clinker of zinc production of the Belovsky Zinc Plant (Belovo, Kemerovo oblast)—are considered in the paper. The Belovsky plant operated from 1930 to 2003 using zinc concentrates from the Salair Mining and Concentration Plant. After the shutdown of the plant, the clinker dumps were stored at the plant’s industrial site and were repeatedly washed with acidic solutions to isolate copper. This form of storage and leaching has led to the transformation of the forms of noble metals found in clinker, which currently makes it difficult to extract gold. The gold content in clinker is at the level of 2–3 g/t, which makes gold recovery profitable. The presence of carbon in clinker complicates the known methods of both analytical detection of gold and its recovery. A method is proposed for determining the forms of occurrence and content of gold, taking into account the fact that gold may be present in the form of free fine gold and gold finely disseminated in iron and its oxides, in sulfide phases, in the quartz-silicate part of the clinker, and in the carbonaceous phase. It is shown that, depending on the storage conditions and the previous acid treatment, the forms of gold in the clinker change, which affects the choice of the technological scheme for processing the material. The share of gold available for leaching is at least 40%. The increased associativity of gold with the coal (flotation) phase and the sorption activity of coal brings significant interference into the study of the properties of gold forms in clinker, which requires preliminary carbon removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"63 6","pages":"594 - 598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5115097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative studies of the discharge of hydronium ions on zinc, copper and aluminum cathodes","authors":"A. Kolesnikov, E. Ageenko","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-22-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-22-31","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical reduction of hydrogen (hydronium ion) was carried out on zinc, aluminum and copper cathodes from acidic aqueous solutions containing sulfuric acid (0.09, 0.18 and 0.36 mol/l) to study the effect of electrolyte acidity, the type of cathodes used and potential values on electrolysis indicators. The studies were carried out on the potentiostat using a three-electrode cell under conditions of intensive electrolyte stirring with a magnetic stirrer. At the initial stage, electrolysis was performed in the following modes: potentiodynamic measurements at a sweep rate of 1 mV/s in the potential range Е = –(700÷850) mV on a copper and aluminum electrode and Е = –(1000÷1150) mV on a zinc electrode. In the indicated potential range, hydronium discharge parameters at each cathode were calculated: Tafel slope, apparent transfer coefficients and exchange currents. Dependences of these parameters on electrolyte acidity were considered. Average values of steady state potentials were obtained, which, similar to the apparent exchange current, significantly depended on the cathode material: –923.1 mV (zinc cathode); +36.1 mV (copper cathode), and –603.7 mV (aluminum cathode) (AgCl/Ag). The effect of surfactants on all the kinetic parameters considered was shown. The order of the reaction with and without surfactant additives was determined. At the next stage, the electrochemical parameters of hydronium discharge on the copper electrode only were compared. It was shown that the electrochemical parameters significantly depend on the cathodic potential range where they are determined, and on the methods used for their calculation. It was noted that the process proceeds in the region of mixed kinetics. As the electrode polarization decreases, the hydrogen discharge mechanism changes, while the proportion of electrochemical kinetics will increase in the region of mixed kinetics. We suppose that the data obtained can also be of practical importance for the zinc electrolysis technology. The data obtained in this research on the electrochemical parameters of hydrogen discharge in a wide range of potentials on cathodes made of different metals as well as on the effect of electrolyte acidity on the behavior of surfactants during electrolysis will expand knowledge about the zinc electrolysis technology.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79592465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of equal channel angular pressing on the structure and mechanical properties of new Ti–10Mo–8Nb–6Zr β-Ti alloy","authors":"D. Gunderov, A. Churakova, A. Polyakov, A. Raab, S. Gunderova, Y. Lebedev, Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-49-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-49-57","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents comparative studies of the structural and mechanical properties of the new Ti–10Mo–8Nb–6Zr β-Ti alloy subjected to traditional cold rotary forging and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 250 °C. The main phase in the initial hardened state after forging and ECAP is the BCC β phase. A broadening of the β phase X-ray lines and TEM data indicate a reduction in the structure and an increase in the concentration of lattice defects after deformation treatments. In the initial state, the alloy has an ultimate tensile strength of about 700 MPa, offset yield strength of 450 MPa and elongation at break of ~30 %. As a result of forging, the ultimate tensile strength and offset yield strength of the alloy increase to 1230 and 950 MPa, and after ECAP – to 1280 and 1270 MPa, respectively. At the same time, the elongation is reduced to 6 % after ECAP. A significant increase in the strength of the Ti–10Mo–8Nb–6Zr alloy after ECAP makes it more promising for use in medicine.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87764139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the limiting parameters of deep drawing of sheet blanks made of heat-resistant copper alloys","authors":"E. Demyanenko, I. Popov, D. Nikonov","doi":"10.17073/0022-3438-2021-6-42-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0022-3438-2021-6-42-48","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the mechanism of thin-walled workpiece deep drawing in the mould with a conical die and determines the forming limit state that occurs at the time of the bottom detachment in the radius part of the punch when stresses in the meridional direction reach their maximum value. This condition is determined by a decrease in the workpiece edge size at the stage of slow material hardening and a decrease in the workpiece flange area that are main factors hindering the process. This condition makes it possible to establish a criterion used to determine the limiting drawing ratio (ratio of the diameter of the workpiece to the diameter of the part), namely: equality of meridional stresses in the punch radius rounding area and the material tensile strength. The paper establishes the effect of the workpiece material strength properties, friction and die taper on the limiting drawing ratio. A change in the plastic and strength properties of the BrKh08 heat-resistant copper alloy (tensile strength, yield strength) does not affect the material hardening constant values and practically does not affect the limiting drawing ratio. The paper uses a comprehensive research method including theoretical analysis and modeling in the ANSYS/LS-DYNA software with input data for the 1.35 mm thick workpiece 100 mm in diameter made of BrKh08. The article presents computer simulation stages indicating main process parameters such as the workpiece material model, mechanical properties, type of elements, kinematic loads, conditions of contact interaction between elements, etc. Process simulation results confirmed theoretical conclusions necessary for the process implementation without part defects.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"69 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77451041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of heating VK and TK group hard alloys in various media on surface quality","authors":"S. I. Bogodukhov, E. Kozik, E. V. Svidenko","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-71-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-71-80","url":null,"abstract":"The studies carried out to explore the modifying effect on the surface of a hard alloy, surface alloying and thermochemical treatment of metal, thermal diffusion saturation, vacuum ion-plasma deposition demonstrated changes in surface roughness and performance. This paper used roughness to evaluate the behavior of various hard alloy groups when heated in various media. The samples were 5× 5× 35 mm bars and 15.8 ×15.8 mm tetrahedral plates made of VK8 and T14K8 hard alloys. Surface roughness parameters were measured on the profilometer implementing the contact (probe) method. Roughness values obtained were analyzed in the Microsoft Excel system based on an integral percentage and histograms were constructed. The effect of the heating medium on the surface roughness was studied both on bars and plates (with and without holes) using the saturating element/buffer substance (50–100 % BaCl2) melt. K4(Fe(CN)6 potassium ferrocyanide and Na2B4O7 borax were used as a saturating element (25 %). Microhardness and cutting wear were determined directly on the products (after determining the heating media effect on roughness). The heating of VK8 and T14K8 hard alloys in various media increases roughness and reduces cutting wear up to 2 times. The structure of initial materials before and after heating in various melts was studied using the JCM-6000 scanning electron microscope (Jeol Ltd., Japan) at a magnification of 1000–3000×. Plates in their initial state and after heating in various melts were subjected to resistance tests on the 1A616 screw-cutting lathe by face turning of an axle billet made of OS steel (similar in structure and properties to St45) 210 ×1650 mm in size of continuously cast metal (GOST 4728-2010). X-ray diffraction analysis of the VK8 hard alloy after heating in various media demonstrated the absence of changes in the phase composition. Along with this, there was a slight change in the carbide phase fine structure parameters of the alloy, namely a slight increase in micro-stresses with a simultaneous decrease in mosaic blocks.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"23 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83389661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of converting process for matte of oxidized nickel ores and sulfide copper ores joint smelting based on thermodynamic simulation","authors":"A. Klyushnikov, G. I. Maltsev","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-12-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-12-21","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results obtained in the thermodynamic modeling of converting copper-nickel matte (11.3 wt.% Ni + Cu + + Co, 61.5 wt.% Fe, 25.9 wt.% S) produced by joint smelting of oxidized nickel ore and sulfide copper ore. Calculations were made in the approximation of ideal molecular solutions using the HSC Chemistry software package (Outotec Research Oy, Finland). The possibility of low-iron matte, converter slag and gas phase separation was shown. Estimated conditional equilibrium constants of exchange reactions between low-iron matte and slag (KNi/Fe = 0.004÷0.005, KCo/Fe = 0.056÷0.099) are close to ideal values. Statistical data processing was carried out using the mathematical experiment planning method. The converting temperature (t = 1100÷1300 °C) and iron and sulfur oxidation completeness level (q = 0.9÷1.0) determining the air and flux (SiO2) consumption were chosen as the factors to study. Obtained mathematical models of the process were used for its optimization. It was shown that the best converting performance can be achieved at t = 1150 °С and q = 0.950 when the low-iron matte contains 70.7 wt.% Ni + Cu + Co. At a yield of 8.74 % of the charge mass, the nickel, copper and cobalt recovery rates are 67.9, 97.9 and 9.1 %, respectively. The supposed air consumption (145.1 m3 (under normal conditions) per 100 kg of matte) and SiO2 (34.4 kg per 100 kg of matte) as well as slag yield (89.1 % of the charge mass) are close to working regime parameters. The results of the study confirm the possibility of cost-effective processing of poor copper-nickel matte and after experimental verification they can be used to develop automation flowcharts for converter departments at existing and designed production facilities.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82515863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrometallurgical processing of deactivated nickel catalysts on Al2O3 carrier","authors":"A. Demidov, A. Kalmykov, I. A. Matveev, V. K. Shevchuk","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-4-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-6-4-11","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the use of deactivated nickel-containing catalysts based on Al2O3 as a significant raw material resource of one of the most important metals. The research highlights the features of this secondary nickel source that determine the acceptable methods of processing such raw materials. The effect of fluxing additives on the properties of the melt containing catalysts prepared beforehand has been studied subject to limitations as to their list (lime, fluorspar) in order to implement a pyrometallurgical method of metal extraction featuring by a relatively small amount of additives themselves. Due to induction heating used in combination with a graphite crucible, adding the total amount of fluorspar and marble additives close in mass made it possible to obtain the melt at a temperature slightly higher than the nickel melting temperature. In this case, the level of metal losses was about 2 %, which indicates the applicability of this method in laboratory conditions to ensure correct incoming analysis. It was proposed to use the pyrometallurgical method on an industrial scale using closed arc heating. To confirm this conclusion, experiments were conducted with a representative (more than 100 kg) amount of catalyst using a tailored arc furnace. Graphite chips were used as a reducing agent. The necessity of electrical matching of the load with the power source resulted in some adjustment of the fluxing additive ratio towards a reduction of calcium oxide content. As a result of a series of experiments, nickel with an up to 5 % iron admixture, similar in composition to the metal formed in the graphite crucible, was obtained. The presence of iron was caused by the fundamentally distinctive capability of the pyrometallurgical technology to reduce unstable compounds. Therefore it was suggested to use this metal for ferronickel production. The use of scarce fluorspar is justified by the fact that the resulting slag can be in demand in the production of fluxes for the electroslag remelting process.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76190738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies of the Structure and Properties of Weld Deposits of the Sv-AK5 Filler Wire in Robotized Deposit Welding","authors":"K. V. Nikitin,&nbsp;D. A. Dunaev,&nbsp;S. S. Zhatkin,&nbsp;V. I. Nikitin","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222050066","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222050066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of the welding arc current (47, 57, and 67 A) on the structure and properties of the deposited samples obtained by electric arc robotic deposition has been studied. Welding wire Sv-AK5 (ER4043) of the Al-Si system was used as a filler material. The weld deposition was carried out on a substrate in the form of a plate 6 mm thick made of AMg6 alloy (Al–Mg system). In the process of surfacing, a typical two-phase structure of a hypoeutectic composition is formed in the samples, which is characteristic of alloys of the Al‒Si system with a silicon content of 5%. A trend to the enlargement of the structure in the direction from the substrate is observed along height of the deposited layers, which is associated with the accumulation of heat in the layers deposited along the height. With an increase in the welding arc current, dendrites based on α-Al and eutectic Si crystals are refined, while their density increases and microhardness decreases. The increase in density is due to a decrease in the proportion and size of gas pores and the refinement of structural components. The decrease in microhardness is associated with an increase in the proportion of the soft phase (α-Al dendrites) and a decrease in the number hard eutectic silicon crystals. The average content of silicon in the samples deposited in three modes is in the range of 5.46–5.91%, which corresponds to the chemical composition of the welding wire Sv-AK5 (ER4043). An increase in the welding arc current facilitates a growth of tensile strength and a slight decrease in the conditional yield strength and relative elongation. The patterns of the change in the mechanical properties of the deposited samples are due to the specifics of the formation of the cast structure of the deposited layers under conditions of directional solidification in the direction away from the substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"63 5","pages":"537 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4875268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joining Cu30Zn (Brass) and AA6063 Alloys Using the Mechanical Locking Method","authors":"Hatice Varol Özkavak","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222050078","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222050078","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Different types of materials with unique performance are used together in the industry, and soluble and/or insoluble joining methods are applied to join these materials. However, the joining process is quite problematic due to the technological drawbacks that arise during the joining of materials with distinctive characteristics. For this reason, mechanical locking (frictional) joining method is recommended to reduce some of the problems emerging during the joining of different materials. Various material groups such as ferrous and non-ferrous metals could be able joined by the mechanical locking method (MLM). In this study, to the main aim is to determine the effect of rotation speed, which is one of the influential process parameters, on the process of joining CuZn30 (brass) and AA6063 aluminum alloy materials using MLM. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the specimens joined by applying different rotation speeds were examined. Consequentially CuZn30 and AA6063 materials were successfully joined using the MLM and the number of rotation speeds applied during joining had a significant effect on the joining process.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":"63 5","pages":"560 - 572"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4875269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}