Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals最新文献

{"title":"Optimal Factor Evaluation for the Extraction of Alumina from Clays by Sulfuric Acid Leaching Process Using Box–Behnken Design Methodology","authors":"Volkan Arslan","doi":"10.3103/S106782122202002X","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S106782122202002X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Calcination experiments were carried out using calcined clay and optimum calcination conditions were determined as 750°C and 60 min. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to model, predict, and optimize the experimental parameters. The effective parameters and their interactions were explained with a mathematical model. The correlation coefficient (<i>R</i>²) of the proposed model for the relationship between the yield of alumina extraction and experimental parameters was calculated as 0.9573 and it was determined that the predicted and actual values were in good agreement. The modeling results showed that the significance order of the parameters was leaching temperature &gt; acid concentration &gt; leaching time &gt; acid/clay ratio. Finally, an extra optimization study was carried out to maximize the yield of alumina extraction and the yield was found to be 88.15% under the optimum conditions determined by the model (2.56 M acid concentration, 154.46 min leaching time, 89.77°C leaching temperature, and 53.21% acid/clay ratio).</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5143052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vapor–Liquid Equilibria in the Tin–Lead System in a Primary Vacuum","authors":"S. A. Trebukhov,&nbsp;V. N. Volodin,&nbsp;O. V. Ulanova,&nbsp;A. V. Nitsenko,&nbsp;N. M. Burabayeva","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222020109","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222020109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The boiling point method (isothermal version) was used to determine the partial pressure of saturated lead vapor over lead and tin solutions, the lead content of which (the rest is tin) was 96.43, 93.02, 89.55, 80.73, 64.18, and 43.80 wt % (93.93, 88.42, 83.08, 70.59, 50.65, and 30.87 at %, respectively). The partial pressures of tin were calculated by numerically integrating of the Duhem–Margules equation using the auxiliary function proposed by Darken. The tin and lead partial pressure values over their melts were approximated by temperature-concentration dependences. The total error of determination was calculated as the sum of errors of independent measurements: temperature, weighing, pressure, approximation of experimental data, equal to 7.78%. On the basis of the values of the partial pressure of the saturated lead and tin vapor, the boundaries of the fields of coexistence of liquid and vapor in the tin−lead system in a primary vacuum of 100 and 1 Pa were calculated and refined: the boiling temperature as the temperature at which the sum of the partial pressures of metals was equal to 100 and 1 Pa; the composition of vapor as the ratio of the partial pressure of vapor of metals at this temperature. It was found that the reason for the increased content of tin in lead condensate during the distillation of alloys with a lead content of less than 5 at % (8.41 wt %) and the accumulations of tin in the distillation residues are values of the partial vapor pressure of tin comparable to lead. In the distillation separation of lead and tin melts by evaporation of lead in a real process under nonequilibrium conditions, the accumulations of tin in the distillation residue should not exceed a concentration of ~50 wt %. Exceeding the specified concentration will be accompanied by the production of condensate, for which it is necessary to repeat the process of evaporation–condensation.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5137871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Lithium from Petalite Ore by Chloride Sublimation Roasting","authors":"I. M. Komelin","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222020079","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222020079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Semi-industrial tests of the chloride sublimation technology for extracting lithium from petalite ore with concurrent production of cement clinker have been carried out. The main technical and economic indicators of production of lithium carbonate have been determined. Chloride sublimation roasting method allows combining ore roasting and lithium sublimation with the process of obtaining (roasting) Portland cement clinker. Thus, it becomes possible to distribute energy costs for high-temperature roasting over a much larger volume of products: clinker and lithium salts. The recovered lithium in the form of lithium chloride vapor is captured by an aqueous absorbing solution, which has a much smaller volume as compared to the volumes of leaching solutions in lime, sulfuric acid, or autoclave alkaline technologies. Correspondingly, the flows of the solutions being processed are reduced, which significantly saves reagents and energy during their processing and considerably reduces the capital costs of tank equipment. Owing to the high content of aluminum and silicon oxides in lithium aluminosilicate ores, it is possible to use them in the production of cement clinker instead of the clay component of the charge.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5137892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Parametric Influences and Tribological Behaviour of Al 6063–SiC–Al2O3","authors":"P. Rajasekaran","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222020092","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222020092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Of late, there has been an increase in the application of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) as they provide significant mechanical and tribological properties. In tune with the rapid global attention to this composite, this research analysis is an attempt on employing Taguchi method in order to minimize the rate of wear and friction on co-efficiency in aluminium MMC. The study involves in investing the tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy, Al-6063, by reinforcing with silicon carbide and aluminium oxide particles. As such, the investigation was carried out by fabrication the alloy by stir casting process. In addition, wear test was performed to analyse the wear and frictional properties of the metal matrix composites with the aid of a pin-on-disc wear tester. For the purpose of the process in an effective manner, Taguchi technique was adopted to perform the experiments on a fixed plan. Further, in analysing the experimental data, A L₉ Orthogonal array was applied. More analyses such as the influencing effect of higher load applied, higher speed of sliding and distance found in sliding on wear rate, and the friction occurring out of co-efficiency during the process of wearing were carried out by employing ANOVA and regression equation. These measures were used for each response for the abovementioned analyses. The experimental results exhibit that the highest influence is observed in sliding distance, while the speed of load and sliding coming behind it. In order to prove the justification of this study, the experimental results were verified with the tests carried out for confirmation.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5142354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Copper Concentration and Annealing Temperature on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ingots and Cold-Rolled Sheets of Al–2% Mn Alloy","authors":"N. O. Korotkova,&nbsp;P. K. Shurkin,&nbsp;S. O. Cherkasov,&nbsp;A. A. Aksenov","doi":"10.3103/S1067821222020080","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1067821222020080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study is focused on the design of new Al–Cu–Mn alloys with enhanced strength and heat resistance achieved without high-temperature exposure. There are seven alloys considered with permanent Mn content of 2% and variable Cu content of 0–4%. It is found that ~2% Mn is almost completely dissolved in the solid solution after casting, while the copper is distributed between the solid solution and Al₂Cu eutectic constituents. It is experimentally established that, when the copper content is 2 and 3%, the solid solution of aluminum contains approximately the same amount of copper, up to 1.5%. The deformation plasticity of experimental alloys in the cold rolling mode with the reduction rate of 80 and 95% is investigated. It is shown that no preliminary treatment is required for alloys containing up to 3% Cu, as they exhibit high processability at rolling. The effect of heat treatment in the annealing temperature range of 200–600°C on the structural and phase parameters of the alloys is studied. Alloy hardening in the process of multistage annealing by means of hardness measurement is estimated. The resulting data allow us to determine the influence of copper and analyze the thermal stability of the model alloys. Tensile tests of cold-rolled sheets with a thickness of 0.5 mm and a reduction level of 95% of alloys containing 2 and 3% copper show high values. In particular, the alloy containing 3% Cu has a strength performance compatible with that of 1201 alloy in T6 condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5134611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of direct metal deposition technology on the structure and properties of Ni–Cr–W–Mo heat-resistant nickel alloy","authors":"A. Khakimov, S. S. Zhatkin, K. Nikitin, V. I. Nikitin, V. Deev","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-60-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-60-70","url":null,"abstract":"The study covers the quality of a metal powder composition (MPC) made of a heat-resistant EP648 alloy (Ni–Cr–W–Mo system) used to produce parts by direct metal deposition (DMD). It was established that the MPC meets the TU 136-225-2019 specification in terms of basic requirements (chemical composition and grain size distribution, purity, bulk density, fluidity, moisture content). The effect of direct metal deposition parameters (laser radiation power, surfacing speed) on the structure and microhardness of test samples was studied. The largest number of defects (looseness, pores and lack of fusion) is formed in the sample obtained at a laser radiation power (RP) of 1000 W and a surfacing speed of 40 mm/s. At the same time, the defects have maximum dimensions. The smallest number of such defects is observed in samples obtained at a RP power of 1400 and 1600 W and a surfacing speed of 45 and 38 mm/s. In this case, the most homogeneous structure of laser surfacing zones is formed due to the complete melting of powder particles and the melt spreading. Nevertheless, the sample obtained at a RP of 1600 W and a surfacing speed of 38 mm/s has a structure with cracks located along the faces of subgrains in the center of surfacing tracks. Crack formation is caused by material overheating due to the increased laser radiation power and accumulated high internal stresses from the previous deposited layers. The microhardness of samples obtained at all direct metal deposition modes varies slightly and amounts to 270– 310 HV. According to the research results, it was found that the most optimal structure is formed in the sample obtained at a RP of 1400 W and a surfacing speed of 45 mm/s.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79625781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and experimental testing of the technology for producing deformed bars of D16(T) alloy from continuously cast billets of small diameter with low elongation ratios","authors":"S. P. Galkin, A. Aleshchenko, Yu. V. Gamin","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-71-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-71-79","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the development and pilot-scale testing of the technology for producing bars of the D16(T) aluminum alloy by radial-shear rolling from continuously cast billets with a diameter of 72 mm in several passes. The actual dimensions of rolled bars were within the ±0.16 mm tolerance for all bar diameters, which significantly surpasses the GOST 21488-97 requirements. According to the results of tensile tests, the values of ultimate strength, conventional yield strength, relative elongation and relative reduction were determined. Ultimate strength and relative elongation requirements specified by regulatory documents for the D16(T) alloy were met with a total elongation ratio of more than 4.2. In terms of plastic properties, the obtained bars surpass the GOST requirements by 2.1–2.5 times in the entire range of elongation ratios investigated starting from 2.07. At the same time, there is an increase in the relative elongation by 5.7–6.8 times in comparison with the initial cast state. The microstructure and morphology analysis conducted for secondary phases showed that with a decrease in the bar diameter (with an increase in the total elongation ratio), the average particle size of the α(AlFeMnSi) phase insoluble in the aluminum matrix decreases, which is a consequence of deformation processes developed during rolling. Additional grinding of inclusions during deformation processing can significantly reduce the possible negative effect of the insoluble phase on the mechanical properties of resulting bars, in particular on the plasticity properties. The microstructure analysis showed that bars after rolling and heat treatment are free from cracks, looseness, delamination, and other defects and meet the requirements of GOST 21488-97.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73740366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anode paste consumption for aluminum production","authors":"A. Drizhenko, S. Datsyura, A. Yasinskiy","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-25-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-25-32","url":null,"abstract":" In Russia, most aluminum smelters are equipped with cells with self-baking anodes featuring an urgent problem of lowering the anode paste consumption, since the share of anode materials in the cost of aluminum varies from 8 to 20 %. To solve this problem, it is necessary to determine the anode paste demand. The method for calculating the specific anode paste consumption used at aluminum smelters has a poor accuracy. The paper discusses the main errors of this method, shows the stages of anode paste consumption calculation, assesses the adequacy of calculations and gives recommendations for method improvement. It is shown that in general the considered method adequately reflects carbon consumption processes, but the final result of calculations may differ significantly from the actual one. The values taken constant to simplify the calculation, in fact, may vary during the electrolysis, which leads to a significant change in the final result of calculations. For example, an increase in the CO2 fraction from 0.45 to 0.5 leads to a decrease in the anode paste consumption by 15.3 kg/tonAl. At the same time, it is known that the composition of anode gases changes sharply as the anode effect occurs: the CO2 fraction decreases, and the CO fraction increases. In summer, at high ambient temperatures, the proportion of both vaporized pitch and anodes with an increased surface temperature rise. As the latter changes to 0.25, the consumption increases by 6.6 kg/tonAl. The same applies to air oxidation. The number of depressurized cells may increase with the subsequent increase in the carbon consumption. It is necessary to pay attention to factors affecting the anode quality. Incorrectly selected particle size distribution or worn equipment may significantly degrade the anode quality and lead to an increase in carbon consumption. It is necessary to make adjustments to the calculation in order to consider the peculiarities of carbon monoxide formation properly.","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79604552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stanislav Stepanovich Naboichenko is 80 years old","authors":"Artiсle Editorial","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-80-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-80-81","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85612808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using liquid extraction to clean JSC «Kola MMC» nickel production solutions from impurities","authors":"L. V. Dyakova, A. Kasikov, M. V. Jeleznova","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-16-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-2-16-24","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of the extractive recovery of Ca(II), Mg(II) и B(III) impurities from nickel production solutions at JSC «Kola Mining and Smelting Company» were conducted. As extraction agents, we used di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), di-(2,4,4-trime-thylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), trialkylamine (TAA), tributyl phosphate (TBP), aliphatic alcohols: octanol-1, 2-ethylhexanol and a by-product of its production – heavy product of 2-ethylhexanol distillation (TPRD). In order to assess the effect of conditions used to extract impurities from solutions, laboratory studies on the effect of aqueous phase acidity, extraction agent concentration, composition of organic impurities on their extractability were conducted. According to the research results, it was found that the optimal concentration of individual extraction agents is 20 vol.% each in the Escaid 100 solvent, and the mixture composition is 15 vol.% D2EHPA + 5 vol.% Cyanex 272 at Ca(II) and Mg(II) extraction. Individual D2EHPA predominantly extracts calcium (II): extraction of 62 % Ca(II) and 15 % Mg(II). When using Cyanex 272, the extraction of magnesium (II) predominates: extraction of 59 % Mg(II) and 20 % Ca(II). It was found that the extraction mixture has higher performance than individual extraction agents for Ca(II) and Mg(II) extraction from nickel solutions in the pH range of 3.0÷3.5, at which Ni(II) coextraction is negligible. With increasing pH values, Ca(II) extraction decreases due to the increasing extraction of nickel and the displacement of calcium by it from the organic phase. It was established that a mixture of 40 % TAA + + 60 % 2-octanone and heavy product of 2-ethylhexanol distillation exhibits high extraction ability with respect to B(III): the degree of boron extraction is 60.7 and 74.5 %, respectively. The paper provides the results of the extraction purification of the nickel electrolyte from JSC «Kola Mining and Smelting Company» with an extraction mixture in the Ni-form to exclude pH adjustment at each stage of the process. Based on the results of the studies conducted, a flowchart is recommended for obtaining pure NiSO4 solutions with a residual total B(III), Ca(II), Mg(II) and Cl– content of £0.010 g/dm3 .","PeriodicalId":765,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84387807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}