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A small pit emptying machine: an appropriate solution for a Nairobi slum. 一个小的坑排空机:内罗毕贫民窟的合适解决方案。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
M Wegelin-Schuringa, M Coffey
{"title":"A small pit emptying machine: an appropriate solution for a Nairobi slum.","authors":"M Wegelin-Schuringa,&nbsp;M Coffey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the results of the trial period of a pedestrian-controlled pit emptying machine. This 'vacutug' has been tested for UNCHS (Habitat) in a low-income settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, through a local NGO. The trial confirmed the viability of the principle of the vacutug as the machine has been in operation for two and a half years. Repairs have been made locally out of income from the service, spare parts can be obtained and demand for the service is high. Although the cost of the service has already been raised, demand has not been reduced. The technical improvements which need to be made can be incorporated in the design, and the next batch of machines is being constructed for further trials. Management of the service is critical for financial sustainability and even during the trial of the technology, the management aspects have been the most difficult of the service.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"347-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Closing water circulation paths?]. [关闭水循环路径?]
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
K Wichmann
{"title":"[Closing water circulation paths?].","authors":"K Wichmann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"106 ","pages":"70-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21816410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Resolving conflicts between drinking-water demands and pressures from society's wastes. 解决饮用水需求与社会废物压力之间的冲突。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
I Chorus
{"title":"Resolving conflicts between drinking-water demands and pressures from society's wastes.","authors":"I Chorus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21788158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measurement of bacterial growth potential in a reclaimed water. 再生水中细菌生长势的测定。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
N Funamizu, M Kanno, T Takakuwa
{"title":"Measurement of bacterial growth potential in a reclaimed water.","authors":"N Funamizu,&nbsp;M Kanno,&nbsp;T Takakuwa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objectives of this paper are to show a bio-assay method using direct total microbial count (DTMC) and to demonstrate the applicability of this method to reclaimed water for evaluating its potential of bacterial growth. We have applied our method to four types of reclaimed water, measuring the time course of DTMC and dissolved organic carbon in a bio-assay process. The experimental findings are summarised as follows: 1) By regulating organic carbon, bacteria growth could be controlled. 2) Reduction of the initial concentration of bacteria was effective to delay their growth, but this operation could not control their maximum level. This implies that the retention time of the storage and distribution system of reclaimed water should be considered in design and operation of the disinfection process. 3) Ozonation increased the growth potential. Carbon adsorption process reduced it, but the ozone plus carbon adsorption process could not improve the biological stability. 4) A linear relationship between DTMC and biodegradable organic carbon has been observed, the gradient of this linear correlation, however, depended on the source of reclaimed water.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"281-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tools of groundwater protection below the city of Caracas, Venezuela. 委内瑞拉加拉加斯市地下保护地下水的工具。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
K P Seiler
{"title":"Tools of groundwater protection below the city of Caracas, Venezuela.","authors":"K P Seiler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caracas city obtains drinking water from neighbouring catchment areas. Since these water resources are limited in quantity, groundwaters under the city are also considered for drinking water supply. Hydrochemical and isotope investigations show that the active recharge zone which may readily be contaminated reaches to about 50 m below floor. At greater depths the passive recharge zone extends to a maximum of 300 m and is by far less susceptible to groundwater pollution than the active recharge zone. The water balance indicates recharge to the Caracas aquifer of 2.1 m3/s from losses of the distribution and collector systems of waters as well as from subsurface lateral groundwater inflow into the Caracas valley. The active recharge zone of the aquifer beneath Caracas actually acts as an important microbiological reactor. It was proposed that exploitation of 20% of the total amount of groundwater re-charge from depths below 100 m would be sustainable and provide unpolluted water. Abstraction from the active recharge zone would require protection measures in the city area, which are not feasible.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"199-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Improvements of wastewater treatment for groundwater protection in the Haertsfeld. 为保护哈茨菲尔德地下水而改进废水处理。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
F Haakh
{"title":"Improvements of wastewater treatment for groundwater protection in the Haertsfeld.","authors":"F Haakh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater treatment in rural water protection zones is crucial for sustainable source water protection. Specific problems arise where wastewater from decentral treatment plants infiltrates towards vulnerable aquifers. Within the water protection zone of the Egau Waterworks sited on the Swabian highlands with a karstic aquifer, a concept for a central sewer system and wastewater plant went into operation in 1993 in order to solve the conflict between drinking water demands and wastewater treatment. Since then, water quality of the Buchbrunnen karst spring which is used for drinking water supply for about 400,000 inhabitants has shown improvements. The paper describes the development of typical parameters including groundwater flow time and corresponding concentration levels. The concept implemented here may serve as a model for a successful water protection initiative.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"207-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sewage disinfection towards protection of drinking water resources. 污水消毒保护饮用水资源。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
A Kolch
{"title":"Sewage disinfection towards protection of drinking water resources.","authors":"A Kolch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater applied in agriculture for irrigation could replace the use of natural drinking-water resources. With respect to high concentrations of human pathogens wastewater has to be disinfected prior to use. This paper introduces disinfection methods with emphasis on UV irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"331-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Efficiency and sustainability of soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of reclaimed water. 中水间接饮用回用土壤含水层处理的效率和可持续性。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
J E Drewes, P Fox, M H Nellor
{"title":"Efficiency and sustainability of soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of reclaimed water.","authors":"J E Drewes,&nbsp;P Fox,&nbsp;M H Nellor","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increasing number of municipalities are considering the indirect reuse of treated wastewater (recycled water) by groundwater recharge as a feasible option to augment potable water supplies. This planned approach offers several advantages compared to the conventional way of discharging effluents into surface waters, including the additional treatment afforded as the water percolates and co-mingles with groundwater (soil aquifer treatment). While groundwater recharge has been used in the United States (U.S.) for several decades and has been the subject of a number of studies, limitations in methodology and testing have prevented many within the scientific and technical community from being able to fully address a number of complex public health questions related to organic chemicals, nitrogen and microorganisms. Ongoing research being conducted in Arizona and California is directed at reducing the uncertainties about the efficiency and sustainability of soil aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of recycled water.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"227-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Efficiency of wastewater treatment plants at removing Giardia sp. cysts in southern France. 法国南部污水处理厂去除贾第鞭毛虫囊肿的效率。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
S Wiandt, A M Grimason, B Baleux, J Bontoux
{"title":"Efficiency of wastewater treatment plants at removing Giardia sp. cysts in southern France.","authors":"S Wiandt,&nbsp;A M Grimason,&nbsp;B Baleux,&nbsp;J Bontoux","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency for Giardia sp. cysts of a number of wastewater treatment plants in France. Of these, five were activated sludge systems, three were trickling filters and three were waste stabilisation pond systems. In addition, the effect upon cyst removal of disinfecting effluents prior to discharge into controlled waters by UV and chlorination was evaluated. Cysts were detected in raw wastewater at all 11 treatment plants in concentrations ranging from 130 to 41,270 cysts/litre. The removal of cysts by sewage treatment was found to range between 99.5 and 99.8% for activated sludge, 99.9 and 100% for waste stabilisation ponds, and for the trickling filter plants up to 98.3%. Despite the high removal efficiencies recorded in this study the range of cysts detected in final effluents discharged into controlled waters ranged from < 1 to 66 cysts/litre. This is undoubtedly an underestimate of actual occurrence and concentration in wastewater, given the limitations of the methods currently employed by investigators. Cysts were detected in final effluents which had been disinfected by both UV and chlorination (range 0.3-19 cysts/litre), however, it is not known whether such cysts were viable or non-viable.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pit latrine effluent infiltration into groundwater: the Epworth case study. 坑式厕所污水渗入地下水:Epworth案例研究。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
M Chidavaenzi, M Bradley, M Jere, C Nhandara
{"title":"Pit latrine effluent infiltration into groundwater: the Epworth case study.","authors":"M Chidavaenzi,&nbsp;M Bradley,&nbsp;M Jere,&nbsp;C Nhandara","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water can be a vehicle for the transmission of communicable diseases. Technologies have been developed to protect groundwater from external surface contamination. However, there is growing concern about the likelihood of pit latrine effluent infiltrating into groundwater reservoirs for well water supply systems. Investigations on seasonal variations and extent of pit latrine effluent infiltration into soil and groundwater have been carried out in Zimbabwe. Preliminary results show that groundwater flows in the direction of surface runoff, and that there is no lateral soil pollution above the groundwater surface. Pit latrine contents leach downwards and down slopes for distances that vary per season and soil type. The results also demonstrate the contribution of refuse pits and water collection methods to groundwater pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"171-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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